| 2005年07月14日 Nature中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
|  | Volume 436 Number 7048 pp151-302
封面故事：Blimp1基因的新作用
人类BLIMP1基因和小鼠Blimp1基因是一个甲基转移酶家族的成员，这个家族包括眼癌的相互作用锌指基因RIZ。Blimp1是浆B-细胞分异的一种“总调节因子”，而浆B-细胞分异则是成年免疫系统的一个至关重要的组成部分。令人吃惊的是，研究人员现在发现，在发育过程中的一个非常早的阶段，Blimp1在确定原始生殖细胞中也扮演一个关键角色。最初的原始生殖细胞从将形成身体其余部分的相邻细胞中隔离出来，最终进入发育中的胚胎的生殖腺中。Blimp1对于建立和维持原始生殖细胞的最初群体来说似乎是不可缺少的，它的这一功能部分是通过Hox基因的表达来完成的。本期封面所示为在early-streak 阶段的胚胎（上面）和在early-bud阶段的胚胎中的Blimp1阳性细胞。
血管与神经系统的共同点
过去10年，关于形成神经系统的轴突引导机制的研究工作进展迅速。现在，科学家们逐步发现，血管尽管与神经纤维很不相同，但却利用一个相似的分子信号系统来将它们引导到目标器官上。在动物形成血管系统的时候，神经系统已经存在数百万年了，所以在这个例子中，造物主并没有重新发明引导机制，而是把一个原来已经存在的模板用于一个新的目的。
印度洋海啸遗留问题的新答案
来自印度尼西亚、马来西亚、新加坡、泰国、印度和中国的GPS站的数据，为与2004年12月26日发生的苏门答腊－安达曼“大逆冲”地震有关的一些未决的问题提供了答案。与地震有关的永久位移在距离该断层3000公里以外的地方被观测到，甚至在距离该断层400公里远的地方，位移也达到10厘米以上。地震造成的断裂由南向北迅速传播，GPS观测站的最后位移出现在该地震发生后10分钟内，从而排除了在断层上发生慢速“非地震滑动”的可能性。
与心脏形成有关的一个“微RNA”目标
“微RNA”抑制在一系列物种中抑制重要的发育调节分子的转化。事实证明，要识别特定“微RNA”目标和了解它们在调节发育中的作用都很困难。现在，研究人员开发出一种算法，来根据已知“微RNA”/目标对的特点预测“微RNA”目标。以这种方法识别出的第一个目标是Hand2，它是促进心室心脏细胞增殖的一个转录因子。Hand2被miR-1-1当成目标，后者是一种专门在心肌和骨骼肌前体细胞中表达的“微RNA”。miR-1-1似乎在心脏形成过程中控制分异与增殖之间的平衡。
固体肿瘤基因筛选的新方法
本期Nature上两篇论文报告了利用一种有效的新工具来研究固体肿瘤遗传学的研究工作。此前，对癌症基因进行前期基因筛选只是在造血系统中或在乳腺中才可能进行，采用的是鼠科的白血病病毒或乳腺癌病毒。新方法将前期筛选延伸到了固体肿瘤，利用的是一种被称为“睡美人”的转位子（跳跃基因）。当“睡美人”插进靠近一个潜在的癌症基因的一个染色体中时，肿瘤形成就会发生，该基因就可以被识别出来。
一个宇宙模型得到证实
星系信息被认为涉及在引力影响和宇宙扩张下坍缩的暗物质晕中气体的冷却。宇宙学家对这种模型却有一个疑问：它产生了太多的明亮星系。除非年轻星系能以高速外流形式喷射出大量气体，否则这个模型就不正确。现在，研究人员利用一种被称为“全景摄谱”的新方法，收集到了迄今最好的证据，它表明，年轻星系以高速外流形式喷射大量气体的过程实际上的确是存在的。
“热木星”惹出的新问题
当太阳系外行星首次被探测到时，人们发现它们很多都是“热木星”，即它们是运行轨道与其恒星的距离远远小于预测结果的巨型行星。现在，它们被认为已从其起点上向内迁移了。一个新发现的“热木星”为理论工作者出了更多难题。这个行星比木星稍大一些，其运行轨道靠近一个三恒星体系的主要恒星。但这个体系中的另外一对次级恒星与主要恒星的距离非常近，以至于将一个恒星周围的尘埃环（形成行星的原材料）的半径限制为只有这个“热木星”目前轨道半径的一半。而且，靠近恒星的地方的温度可能太高，无法形成巨型行星。这个问题需要进行一些解释。
一种新开发的XUV光源
“极端紫外线”（XUV）激光光源今天所处状况与激光在1960年所处状况非常像。早期的激光不能用于高分辨率光谱，因为它们的带宽太宽。单模式激光光源到1972年才问世。一种新开发的XUV光源（虽然尚不是单模式的，但却在向这个方向发展）有可能使情况有所改善。
南北半球在气候变化中的联系
位于重要的西南信风体系内的新西兰南部地区，是研究气候变化中半球之间联系的一个非常好的地方。现在，在Okartito Pakihi泥炭沼泽中钻取的一系列岩芯，为我们提供了有可能作为该地区基准的、关于植被和气候变化的一个连续记录。所获得的数据包括关于南半球的全球气候变化信号被太阳辐射强度的局部变化所修正的清楚证据。
鸟类特征能让恐龙获得竞争优势
最近发现的非鸟类兽脚恐龙化石，显示了曾经被认为是鸟类所独有的特征，其中包括羽毛状的结构、非常快的生长速度、甚至还有如筑巢和睡姿等鸟类一样的行为。这些特点是在飞行能力之前形成的，一种看法是，它们赋予这些掠食性恐龙一个竞争优势，即代谢速度加快了。这个观点得到了对Majungatholus atopus的一个特别新的标本的呼吸系统的重建结果的支持。同今天的鸟类一样，它们也有气囊，也有一个能让肺部气体流通的胸骨体系。
一种对雌性有利的共生关系
Wolbachia是一种非常特别的细菌，由于其独特的生物学特征而受到广泛研究。它在很多昆虫和其他无脊椎动物体内形成遗传下来的共生性细胞内感染，通过阻止寄主精子使卵受精来“挽救”被感染的卵细胞，使其正常发育，这样便能赋予被感染的雌性一个生殖优势。该细菌能迅速入侵一个未被感染的种群，所以能潜在地引导有害基因进入昆虫体内，作为一种疾病控制手段。本期Nature报告了产生对寄主表现型的这些影响的现象的一个新的方面，为我们了解该细菌引起库蚊（Culex）（包括丝虫带菌者）杂交型之间不匹配的遗传机制提供了线索。
儿时脑子最好使
在人类和其他哺乳动物的大脑皮层中，在新生命出生后早期阶段，存在迅速的信息联会，而后从青少年时期到成年时期，信息的联会大大减少。造成这种现象的机制我们并不知道。一般认为，经验导致联会数量的增加，这在新生命出生后早期阶段肯定是正确的，但对处在青春期的年轻小鼠所做的研究却为我们描绘了一幅大相径庭的画面。长期的感觉剥夺可通过降低脊椎神经消除的速度来增加树状脊椎神经的数量（从而增加联会连接的数量）。在生命的不同阶段，似乎一个个体的经验越多，其大脑中联会消失的也会越多。这些结果突出反映了儿童时期当大脑能够胜任其工作的时候一个人的经验在塑造神经连接中的重要性。
干细胞疗法治疗神经疾病的潜力
干细胞疗法在治疗以慢性炎症为特征的神经性疾病（如多发性硬化、脑瘤和缺血性中风等）中的应用潜力似乎是有限的。复发性炎症很有可能破坏原有的和移植的细胞。但在一个慢性中枢神经系统炎症的小鼠模型中，研究人员发现“神经多效前体干细胞”能通过保持未分异的特征和产生预料之外的免疫一样的功能来促进神经保护。未分异的细胞在多次炎症之后能够存活下来，说明它们对这些疾病可能毕竟还是有治疗潜力的。
植物生长不可缺少的一种转位酶
植物和动物的基因组都含有大比例的转位子，能够通过一种转位酶的作用从基因组中的一个位置跳跃到另一个位置。这样会损害寄主DNA，通常对寄主是没有好处的。那么为什么存在那么多的转位子版本呢？任何一种生物中的第一例发挥一种重要的寄主功能的转位子一样的基因，都有可能为我们提供一些线索。意外的是，从拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）分离出来的转位酶DAYSLEEPER基因是植物生长不可缺少的。该工作表明，转位酶可被寄主驯化，作为基因调控的一个新机制。
本期目录：
Editorials
Action, not words p151
Japan is beginning to recognize that the status and treatment of women researchers must change — but it has yet to take decisive action to address the problem.
doi: 10.1038/436151a
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Two cheers for the G8 p151
World leaders made modest but welcome progress on poverty in Africa and climate change.
doi: 10.1038/436151b
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Diversionary tactics p152
A map in a Nature supplement is being used to divert debate about science funding in China.
doi: 10.1038/436152a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p154
doi: 10.1038/436154a
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Top of pageNews
Grim but determined — the G8 reaches accord on Africa and climate p156
Overshadowed by terror attacks in London, the G8 leaders remain focused at summit's close.
Declan Butler and Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/436156a
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Deep Impact: sifting through the debris p158
When Deep Impact's washing-machine-sized probe slammed into comet Tempel 1 on 4 July, teams of astronomers watched using telescopes in space and around the world. Nature investigates what the images tell us so far about the comet's composition and history.
Mark Peplow
doi: 10.1038/436158a
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Rival monsoon forecasts banned p161
Storm over India's restrictions on rainfall predictions.
K. S. Jayaraman
doi: 10.1038/436161a
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Sidelines p162
doi: 10.1038/436162a
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Caveman DNA hints at map of migration p162
Oldest American genetic sample reveals early New World frontiers.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/436162b
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Time to move on from shuttle, says astronaut p163
Tony Reichhardt talks to former spaceman George 'Pinky' Nelson about NASA's future.
doi: 10.1038/436163a
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News in brief p164
doi: 10.1038/436164a
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Top of pageNews Features
Spray-on skin: Hard graft p166
Surgeon Fiona Wood has pioneered a controversial treatment to reduce scarring in burns victims. Carina Dennis finds out how she counters her critics.
doi: 10.1038/436166a
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Earth observing: Something to watch over us p168
An ambitious international project to unite the planet's Earth-observing systems is under way. But getting everyone on board is no easy task, says Naomi Lubick.
doi: 10.1038/436168a
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Nobel laureates: Close encounters p170
After a low-key existence for more than 50 years, Germany's Lindau meetings have opened their doors to the world. Alison Abbott joined 44 Nobel laureates as they mingled with young scientists.
doi: 10.1038/436170a
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Top of pageBusiness
Industry lured by the gains of going green p173
Global report highlights how ecology and the environment affect business.
Virginia Gewin
doi: 10.1038/436173a
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In brief p173
doi: 10.1038/436173b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Mysterious disappearance of female investigators p174
Darach Watson, Anja C. Andersen and Jens Hjorth
doi: 10.1038/436174a
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Rising temperatures are likely to reduce crop yields p174
John R. Porter
doi: 10.1038/436174b
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No royal road to protein structure determination p174
Luca Pellegrini
doi: 10.1038/436174c
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Top of pageCommentary
When will we tame the oceans? p175
In fisheries across the world, fish stocks are declining fast. Future preservation and management of the ocean's resources will require a transformation of our relationship with the seas, argues John Marra.
doi: 10.1038/436175a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
The Arctic paradox p177
The traditional diet of Inuits has health benefits but exposes them to dangerous levels of pollutants.
Geir Wing Gabrielsen reviews Silent Snow: The Slow Poisoning of the Arctic by Marla Cone
doi: 10.1038/436177a
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Dissecting the right brain p178
Paul Bloom reviews The Ethical Brain by Michael S. Gazzaniga
doi: 10.1038/436178a
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Science in culture p179
An art installation hints that, even in a forest, wind may disperse tree seeds farther than expected.
Henry S. Horn
doi: 10.1038/436179a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Developmental biology: Tiny brakes for a growing heart p181
The discovery of microRNAs has revolutionized many areas of biology. The latest news is that these RNAs seem to regulate the crucial balance between growth and specialization of cardiac cells.
Benoit G. Bruneau
doi: 10.1038/436181a
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Astronomy: Giant planet seeks nursery place p182
A further discovery of a planet in a binary star system — this time close in — could prove a problem for accepted theories of planetary formation. The implication is that there are more planets out there than we thought.
Artie P. Hatzes and Günther Wuchterl
doi: 10.1038/436182a
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Evolutionary biology: Relativity for molecular clocks p183
An analysis of genetic data sets from primates and birds provides firm evidence that molecular evolution is faster on shorter than on longer timescales. The estimated times of various evolutionary events require a rethink.
David Penny
doi: 10.1038/436183a
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Cancer biology: Sleeping Beauty awakens p184
Ancient jumping DNA found napping in fish has been revived and is being used to identify cancer genes in mice. But the benefits of this aptly named 'Sleeping Beauty' system could reach far beyond cancer.
Keith C. Weiser and Monica J. Justice
doi: 10.1038/436184a
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50 and 100 years ago p185
doi: 10.1038/436185a
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Particle physics: Weighty questions p186
In an unprecedented feat of computation, particle theorists made the most precise prediction yet of the mass of the 'charm?bottom' particle. Days later, experimentalists dramatically confirmed that prediction.
Ian Shipsey
doi: 10.1038/436186a
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Physical chemistry: Trapped gas p187
Acetylene is a gas with many industrial applications. A highly efficient method to separate it from its close relation, carbon dioxide, is a promising route for purifying and storing 'strategic' gases in general.
Gérard Férey
doi: 10.1038/436187a
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Entomology: Incompatible mosquitoes p189
Infection of mosquitoes by a particular bacterium has a fiendishly complicated influence on the success or failure of mosquito breeding. A window now opens on the molecular basis of this 'cytoplasmic incompatibility'.
Ary A. Hoffmann
doi: 10.1038/436189a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Avian flu: H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl p191
A worrying development could help to spread this dangerous virus beyond its stronghold in southeast Asia.
H. Chen, G. J. D. Smith, S. Y. Zhang, K. Qin, J. Wang, K. S. Li, R. G. Webster, J. S. M. Peiris and Y. Guan
doi: 10.1038/nature03974
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Conservation: Top predators and biodiversity p192
Fabrizio Sergio, Ian Newton and Luigi Marchesi
doi: 10.1038/436192a
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Top of pageReview Article
Common mechanisms of nerve and blood vessel wiring p193
Peter Carmeliet and Marc Tessier-Lavigne
doi: 10.1038/nature03875
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Top of pageArticles
Insight into the 2004 Sumatra?Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia p201
C. Vigny, W. J. F. Simons, S. Abu, Ronnachai Bamphenyu, Chalermchon Satirapod, Nithiwatthn Choosakul, C. Subarya, A. Socquet, K. Omar, H. Z. Abidin and B. A. C. Ambrosius
doi: 10.1038/nature03937
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Blimp1 is a critical determinant of the germ cell lineage in mice p207
Yasuhide Ohinata, Bernhard Payer, Dónal O'Carroll, Katia Ancelin, Yukiko Ono, Mitsue Sano, Sheila C. Barton, Tetyana Obukhanych, Michel Nussenzweig, Alexander Tarakhovsky, Mitinori Saitou and M. Azim Surani
doi: 10.1038/nature03813
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Serum response factor regulates a muscle-specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis p214
Yong Zhao, Eva Samal and Deepak Srivastava
doi: 10.1038/nature03817
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (567K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Bruneau
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Mammalian mutagenesis using a highly mobile somatic Sleeping Beauty transposon system p221
Adam J. Dupuy, Keiko Akagi, David A. Largaespada, Neal G. Copeland and Nancy A. Jenkins
doi: 10.1038/nature03691
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (554K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Weiser & Justice
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Top of pageLetters
The discovery of a galaxy-wide superwind from a young massive galaxy at redshift z 3 p227
R. J. Wilman, J. Gerssen, R. G. Bower, S. L. Morris, R. Bacon, P. T. de Zeeuw and R. L. Davies
doi: 10.1038/nature03718
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An extrasolar giant planet in a close triple-star system p230
Maciej Konacki
doi: 10.1038/nature03856
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (402K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Hatzes & Wuchterl
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A frequency comb in the extreme ultraviolet p234
Christoph Gohle, Thomas Udem, Maximilian Herrmann, Jens Rauschenberger, Ronald Holzwarth, Hans A. Schuessler, Ferenc Krausz and Theodor W. H?nsch
doi: 10.1038/nature03851
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Highly controlled acetylene accommodation in a metal?organic microporous material p238
Ryotaro Matsuda, Ryo Kitaura, Susumu Kitagawa, Yoshiki Kubota, Rodion V. Belosludov, Tatsuo C. Kobayashi, Hirotoshi Sakamoto, Takashi Chiba, Masaki Takata, Yoshiyuki Kawazoe and Yoshimi Mita
doi: 10.1038/nature03852
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Regional insolation forcing of late Quaternary climate change in the Southern Hemisphere p242
Marcus J. Vandergoes, Rewi M. Newnham, Frank Preusser, Chris H. Hendy, Thomas V. Lowell, Sean J. Fitzsimons, Alan G. Hogg, Haino Uwe Kasper and Christian Schlüchter
doi: 10.1038/nature03826
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Trace-element fractionation in Hadean mantle generated by melt segregation from a magma ocean p246
Guillaume Caro, Bernard Bourdon, Bernard J. Wood and Alexandre Corgne
doi: 10.1038/nature03827
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Multiple volcanic episodes of flood basalts caused by thermochemical mantle plumes p250
Shu-Chuan Lin and Peter E. van Keken
doi: 10.1038/nature03697
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Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in non-avian theropod dinosaurs p253
Patrick M. O'Connor and Leon P. A. M. Claessens
doi: 10.1038/nature03716
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Wolbachia variability and host effects on crossing type in Culex mosquitoes p257
Steven P. Sinkins, Thomas Walker, Amy R. Lynd, Andrew R. Steven, Ben L. Makepeace, H. Charles J. Godfray and Julian Parkhill
doi: 10.1038/nature03629
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See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Hoffmann
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Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex p261
Yi Zuo, Guang Yang, Elaine Kwon and Wen-Biao Gan
doi: 10.1038/nature03715
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Neurosphere-derived multipotent precursors promote neuroprotection by an immunomodulatory mechanism p266
Stefano Pluchino, Lucia Zanotti, Barbara Rossi, Elena Brambilla, Linda Ottoboni, Giuliana Salani, Marianna Martinello, Alessandro Cattalini, Alessandra Bergami, Roberto Furlan, Giancarlo Comi, Gabriela Constantin and Gianvito Martino
doi: 10.1038/nature03889
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Cancer gene discovery in solid tumours using transposon-based somatic mutagenesis in the mouse p272
Lara S. Collier, Corey M. Carlson, Shruthi Ravimohan, Adam J. Dupuy and David A. Largaespada
doi: 10.1038/nature03681
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (297K) | Supplementary information
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Gli3 and Plzf cooperate in proximal limb patterning at early stages of limb development p277
Maria Barna, Pier Paolo Pandolfi and Lee Niswander
doi: 10.1038/nature03801
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An Arabidopsis hAT-like transposase is essential for plant development p282
Paul Bundock and Paul Hooykaas
doi: 10.1038/nature03667
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A substrate-specific inhibitor of protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum p285
Jennifer L. Garrison, Eric J. Kunkel, Ramanujan S. Hegde and Jack Taunton
doi: 10.1038/nature03821
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Selective inhibition of cotranslational translocation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 p290
Jürgen Besemer, Hanna Harant, Shirley Wang, Berndt Oberhauser, Katharina Marquardt, Carolyn A. Foster, Erwin P. Schreiner, Jan E. de Vries, Christiane Dascher-Nadel and Ivan J. D. Lindley
doi: 10.1038/nature03670
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (398K) | Supplementary information
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A role for cell-cycle-regulated histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation in the DNA damage response p294
Hiroshi Masumoto, David Hawke, Ryuji Kobayashi and Alain Verreault
doi: 10.1038/nature03714
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Reality check p299
Complaints about supervisors ring true — but strategies to deal with them differ
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7048-299a
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Career Views
Harry Stylli, chief executive and president, Sequenom, San Diego, California p300
Entrepreneur charts course from pharma to biotech
Harry Stylli
doi: 10.1038/nj7048-300a
Full Text | PDF (110K)
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Nuts & Bolts p300
Advice for dealing with constant change
Deb Koen
doi: 10.1038/nj7048-300b
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Graduate Journal: The cost of moving abroad p300
Who supports mobility more, academia or industry?
Tobias Langenhan
doi: 10.1038/nj7048-300c
Full Text | PDF (110K)
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Top of pageFutures
The chemistry between us p302
Highs and lows.
Laura Nelson
doi: 10.1038/436302a
Full Text | PDF (246K)
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