Volume 436 Number 7047 pp1-150
封面故事：火星又火起来了
本期封面是火星上一处被称为“拉里的了望台”的地方的全景照片的一部分，是“火星勘探漫游车”（MER）“勇气号”在其往火星上的“丈夫山”上开的过程中拍摄的，这座山的顶峰离漫游车约200米。本期有6篇论文详细报告了MER所执行的任务。一篇“分析”文章对用来选择登陆点的预测结果与实际碰到的情况做了比较。登陆点的实际情况是解释遥感数据的极为宝贵的参照点（page 44）。表面化学分析结果表明，火星的上层土壤可能含有1%的陨石材料（page 49）。MER为我们提供了观看火星的两个卫星“火卫一”和“火卫二”上的日食的独特机会（[page 55]。“机遇号”漫游车发现了与风有关的过程的证据（page 58）。光谱分析表明，火星大气尘埃来自玄武岩（page 62）。Gusev陨石坑内部的特征为我们提供了关于液体水过去在火星上所扮演角色的更多信息（page 66）。为6篇论文配发的一篇“News and Views”文章从宏观角度对MER任务所获得的数据进行了分析(page 42)。照片提供：NASA/JPL/Cornell。
视网膜的应激反应
视网膜的主要任务是将视觉图像转换成神经信号，并通过光神经将它们传递给大脑。用火蜥蜴和野兔的组织所做的实验表明，视网膜不是提供一个关于周围环境的标准图像，而是能够进行适应性编码，这种能力以前被认为只在大脑皮层中有。例如，在一个被垂直方向的特征主导的场景中，视网膜明显变得对水平信号更为敏感。在一系列不同的视觉环境中，视网膜抑制一个刺激的可预测特征，增强新的、未曾料到的信号。
“激酶组”研究：细胞信号功能与内吞作用的关系
在整个基因组范围内对人类“激酶组”（蛋白、脂类和碳水化合物激酶的总称）所做的一项分析表明，细胞的信号功能与内吞作用（物质被输送进一个膜囊内的细胞中的过程）密切相关。研究人员知道，参与内吞作用的很多激酶在细胞有丝分裂信号作用、刺激细胞分裂和淋巴细胞转化中发挥功能，这进一步证明了内吞传输和信号传导是统一的过程。为该论文配发的一篇文章分析了在“激酶组”筛选中识别出的一些激酶的作用，显示了由caveola/raft调节的内吞作用的新的动态特征，它们与我们目前对膜运输的认识是完全不同的。
光子阻断的实验
光子阻断这一量子光学现象是近10年前预测出的，是比照小的金属和半导体结构中电子传输的库仑阻断提出的。现在，研究人员已经通过实验演示了光子阻断的存在。演示用的体系涉及被束缚在一个光学共振器中的单个原子，而这个光学共振器则在“空腔量子电动力学”环境中。第一个光子对原子-空腔体系的激发阻断了第二个光子的激发，将一个入射光束的光子统计从随机波动改变为出射光束中更为有序的光子流。这是量子光学和激光科学领域一个具有里程碑意义的事件。
半导体纳米晶体也将能够掺杂
大体积半导体的性能可通过掺杂（即有意加入杂质）来改变。将同样方法用于半导体纳米晶体，只获得有限的成功。现在，对掺杂物（即有意加入的杂质）在半导体纳米晶体生长期间是怎样进入晶体中的所做的一个显微层次的解释，为怎样解决这些问题提供了新的线索。掺杂效率取决于杂质在纳米晶体表面上最初的吸附，通过密切关注生长条件，即表面形态、晶体形状和表面活性剂，“不能掺杂的”纳米晶体如CdSe等很快也将变得“能够掺杂”，用在如太阳能电池和自旋电子装置等应用体系中。
尼古丁“硬币”的两面
尼古丁上瘾导致数百万人死于与吸烟有关的疾病，这是坏消息。尼古丁能增强认知表现，这是好消息。在试图弄清调节尼古丁奖赏功能和相关认知功能的大脑网络的研究中，Maskos等人开发出一种可注射的“慢病毒载体”，它能将功能性烟碱“乙酰胆碱”受体送到小鼠大脑中确定的区域。该技术被用来培育只在中脑VTA区域（中脑腹侧被盖区域）表达烟碱受体的小鼠，这个区域含有多巴胺奖赏神经元的细胞群，与对滥用药物的反应有关。实验表明，VTA中的这些受体对产生与尼古丁依赖性有关的行为和生理现象（包括自己主动吸食尼古丁的现象）来说足够了。它们还与小鼠的高级大脑功能或“认知”功能有关。看来，尼古丁好的一面和坏的一面是密切相关的，它们源自大脑中从系统发生角度来说比较古老的部分。
ACE2有可能用来治疗ARDS
2003年流行的SARS（严重急性呼吸综合症）导致近800人死亡，其中很多死于并发“急性呼吸压力综合症”（ARDS）。治疗ARDS没有有效的药物，但用小鼠所做的新的研究工作表明，ACE2（血管紧缩素转换酶2）也许是一个选择。ACE2能保护小鼠在一种与ARDS类似的综合症中肺部不受损伤，而控制血压和盐平衡的肾素-血管紧缩素系统的其他成分实际上会加重症状。ACE2在健康的肺中表达，但肺损伤后其表达会减少，而且最近的研究表明（Nature 426, 450-454; 2003），它还是SARS冠状病毒的一个受体。
人类黑素瘤中一个新的DNA放大事件
对来自“美国国家癌症研究所”癌症细胞系数据库NCI60的药理学和遗传学数据所做的全面分析，发现了人类黑素瘤中一个新的DNA放大事件。这种放大改变MITF基因表达，促使黑素瘤形成，而这种作用很可能是与突变的BRAF基因（另一个关键的黑素瘤基因）协同进行的。MITF放大也许还能帮助黑素瘤细胞抵抗药物的破坏。这项工作确定了MITF本身为黑素瘤中一个可能的药物作用目标，并且可帮助指导今后的、以识别其他类型癌症中的基因变化为目的的基因组研究。
“四核小体”的晶体结构
DNA组织的基本层在1997年因核小体核心结构的确定而被揭示了出来。现在，研究人员以9埃的分辨率确定了一种“四核小体”（tetranucleosome）的晶体结构，它显示了核小体在作为DNA复制基质的染色体中是怎样在基本层之上的一层中组织的。核小体形成一个双起点的螺旋体，它们在染色质基质中的几何形状可由“crossed-linker”模型得到最好的描述。
本期目录：
Editorials
Climate of distrust p1
Six months into President George W. Bush's second term of office, partisan politics continues to widen the gulf between researchers and the administration.
doi: 10.1038/436001a
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Rules of engagement p2
Biologists may soon have little option but to sign up to codes of conduct.
doi: 10.1038/436002a
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Playing the name game p2
Stem-cell biologists should not try to change the definition of the word 'embryo'.
doi: 10.1038/436002b
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p4
doi: 10.1038/436004a
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Top of pageNews
Flu officials pull back from raising global alert level p6
Conflicting results from Vietnam cause concern.
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/436006a
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Climate change: is the US Congress bullying experts? p7
Climate chief Rajendra Pachauri responds to US demands for information.
doi: 10.1038/436007a
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Parasite infiltrates fruitfly research p8
Geneticists fear Drosophila results skewed by unnoticed bacterium.
Claire Ainsworth
doi: 10.1038/436008a
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Stem-cell 'heroes' celebrate a series of breakthroughs p9
With fresh initiatives and funding the future is bright, say researchers.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/436009a
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Sidelines p10
doi: 10.1038/436010a
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Scientists finally get their hands on Kennewick man p10
Bone studies and DNA tests will help determine the origins of the 9,000-year-old skeleton.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/436010b
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US willing to pay for Russia's help in space p11
Anti-Iran legislation set to be loosened for fresh deal on space station services.
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/436011a
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Genetic patent singles out Jewish women p12
European ruling on test for breast cancer gene slammed as discriminatory.
Alison Abbott
doi: 10.1038/436012a
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News in brief p13
doi: 10.1038/436013a
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Top of pageNews Features
Conservation biology: Is this any way to save a species? p14
Thanks to the influence of a powerful US senator, more than $120 million has been pumped into research on Alaska's endangered Steller sea lions in just four years. Rex Dalton asks what we've learned.
doi: 10.1038/436014a
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Neuroscience: Deep in thought p18
Electrodes implanted in the brain could transform the lives of psychiatric patients. Alison Abbott watched an operation to release a man from his obsessive thoughts.
doi: 10.1038/436018a
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Electronic notebooks: A new leaf p20
Record-keeping in the lab has stayed unchanged for hundreds of years, but today's experiments are putting huge pressure on the old ways. Declan Butler weighs up the pros and cons of electronic alternatives to that dog-eared notebook.
doi: 10.1038/436020a
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Top of pageBusiness
Computer hardware: Silicon down to the wire p22
Microchip-makers are starting to look beyond silicon, and what they see, reports Colin Macilwain, is a semiconductor industry of a very different complexion — but not for some time yet.
doi: 10.1038/436022a
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In brief p23
doi: 10.1038/436023a
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Market watch p23
doi: 10.1038/436023b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Call for openness about farm-animal experiments p24
Ian G. Colditz
doi: 10.1038/436024a
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Plagiarism criteria ignore the way research evolves p24
Bent S?rensen
doi: 10.1038/436024b
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Six-word rule could turn description into plagiarism p24
Beverly E. Barton
doi: 10.1038/436024c
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Penalties plus high-quality review to fight plagiarism p24
Klaus Wittmaack
doi: 10.1038/436024d
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Editor's note p24
doi: 10.1038/436024e
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
The race for the bomb p25
How close was Nazi Germany to developing atomic weapons?
Dieter Hoffmann reviews Hitlers Bombe: Die Geheime Geschichte der Deutschen Kernwaffenversuche by Rainer Karlsch
doi: 10.1038/436025a
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A happy gathering p26
Dylan Evans reviews Happiness: Lessons From a New Science by Richard Layard and Making Happy People: The Nature of Happiness and its Origins in Childhood by Paul Martin and Happiness: The Science Behind Your Smile by Daniel Nettle
doi: 10.1038/436026a
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Exhibition: Apollo in the lab p27
doi: 10.1038/436027a
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New in paperback p27
doi: 10.1038/436027b
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
The mental Universe p29
The only reality is mind and observations, but observations are not of things. To see the Universe as it really is, we must abandon our tendency to conceptualize observations as things.
Richard Conn Henry
doi: 10.1038/436029a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Neuroscience: A home for the nicotine habit p31
Nicotine is extremely addictive, but it can also improve cognitive performance. Attempts to unravel the complex pathways underlying these effects pinpoint a single type of receptor in just one brain region.
Julie A. Kauer
doi: 10.1038/436031a
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Solid-state physics: Doping the undopable p32
Impurities that increase the number of electron carriers are essential in most bulk semiconductors. Introducing such foreign atoms into semiconductor nanocrystals is fiddly, and requires exact knowledge of the material's surface.
Giulia Galli
doi: 10.1038/436032a
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Cancer biology: The weakest link? p33
Cellular lineages are defined by master regulatory proteins that dictate their fate and ensure their survival. The dependence on such factors of tumours that are resistant to treatment may prove to be their Achilles' heel.
Glenn Merlino
doi: 10.1038/436033a
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Conservation biology: Where slugs may safely graze p35
Grazing animals mow meadows to useful effect. From the results of experiments on newly established grassland, one such grazer, the little-considered slug, evidently has a big and beneficial influence on plant diversity.
Peter D. Moore
doi: 10.1038/436035a
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50 and 100 years ago p36
doi: 10.1038/436036a
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Nonlinear dynamics: When instability makes sense p36
Mathematical models that use instabilities to describe changes of weather patterns or spacecraft trajectories are well established. Could such principles apply to the sense of smell, and to other aspects of neural computation?
Peter Ashwin and Marc Timme
doi: 10.1038/436036b
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Correction p37
doi: 10.1038/436037a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Acoustics: The vocal tract and the sound of a didgeridoo p39
Acoustic measurements show how a player can extract a range of timbres from this primitive instrument.
Alex Tarnopolsky, Neville Fletcher, Lloyd Hollenberg, Benjamin Lange, John Smith and Joe Wolfe
doi: 10.1038/43639a
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Palaeoclimatology: The record for marine isotopic stage 11 p39
Dominique Raynaud, Jean-Marc Barnola, Roland Souchez, Reginald Lorrain, Jean-Robert Petit, Paul Duval and Vladimir Y. Lipenkov
doi: 10.1038/43639b
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Top of pageMars: News and Views
Mars: Twin studies on Mars p42
The twin Mars Exploration Rovers don't themselves range widely, but the observations they make do. Information on partial solar eclipses, salty rocks and magnetic dust are among the latest highlights of the rovers' findings.
David C. Catling
doi: 10.1038/436042a
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Top of pageMars: Analysis
Assessment of Mars Exploration Rover landing site predictions p44
M. P. Golombek, R. E. Arvidson, J. F. Bell, III, P. R. Christensen, J. A. Crisp, L. S. Crumpler, B. L. Ehlmann, R. L. Fergason, J. A. Grant, R. Greeley, A. F. C. Haldemann, D. M. Kass, T. J. Parker, J. T. Schofield, S. W. Squyres and R. W. Zurek
doi: 10.1038/nature03600
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Top of pageArticle
An integrated view of the chemistry and mineralogy of martian soils p49
Albert S. Yen, Ralf Gellert, Christian Schr?der, Richard V. Morris, James F. Bell, III, Amy T. Knudson, Benton C. Clark, Douglas W. Ming, Joy A. Crisp, Raymond E. Arvidson, Diana Blaney, Johannes Brückner, Philip R. Christensen, David J. DesMarais, Paulo A. de Souza, Jr, Thanasis E. Economou, Amitabha Ghosh, Brian C. Hahn, Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, Larry A. Haskin, Joel A. Hurowitz, Bradley L. Joliff, Jeffrey R. Johnson, G?star Klingelh?fer, Morten Bo Madsen, Scott M. McLennan, Harry Y. McSween, Lutz Richter, Rudi Rieder, Daniel Rodionov, Larry Soderblom, Steven W. Squyres, Nicholas J. Tosca, Alian Wang, Michael Wyatt and Jutta Zipfel
doi: 10.1038/nature03637
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Top of pageMars: Letters
Solar eclipses of Phobos and Deimos observed from the surface of Mars p55
J. F. Bell, III, M. T. Lemmon, T. C. Duxbury, M. Y. H. Hubbard, M. J. Wolff, S. W. Squyres, L. Craig and J. M. Ludwinski
doi: 10.1038/nature03437
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Aeolian processes at the Mars Exploration Rover Meridiani Planum landing site p58
R. Sullivan, D. Banfield, J. F. Bell, III, W. Calvin, D. Fike, M. Golombek, R. Greeley, J. Grotzinger, K. Herkenhoff, D. Jerolmack, M. Malin, D. Ming, L. A. Soderblom, S. W. Squyres, S. Thompson, W. A. Watters, C. M. Weitz and A. Yen
doi: 10.1038/nature03641
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Indication of drier periods on Mars from the chemistry and mineralogy of atmospheric dust p62
Walter Goetz, Preben Bertelsen, Charlotte S. Binau, Haraldur P. Gunnlaugsson, Stubbe F. Hviid, Kjartan M. Kinch, Daniel E. Madsen, Morten B. Madsen, Malte Olsen, Ralf Gellert, G?star Klingelh?fer, Douglas W. Ming, Richard V. Morris, Rudolf Rieder, Daniel S. Rodionov, Paulo A. de Souza, Jr, Christian Schr?der, Steve W. Squyres, Tom Wdowiak and Albert Yen
doi: 10.1038/nature03807
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Water alteration of rocks and soils on Mars at the Spirit rover site in Gusev crater p66
Larry A. Haskin, Alian Wang, Bradley L. Jolliff, Harry Y. McSween, Benton C. Clark, David J. Des Marais, Scott M. McLennan, Nicholas J. Tosca, Joel A. Hurowitz, Jack D. Farmer, Albert Yen, Steve W. Squyres, Raymond E. Arvidson, G?star Klingelh?fer, Christian Schr?der, Paulo A. de Souza, Jr, Douglas W. Ming, Ralf Gellert, Jutta Zipfel, Johannes Brückner, James F. Bell, III, Kenneth Herkenhoff, Phil R. Christensen, Steve Ruff, Diana Blaney, Steven Gorevan, Nathalie A. Cabrol, Larry Crumpler, John Grant and Lawrence Soderblom
doi: 10.1038/nature03640
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Top of pageArticles
Dynamic predictive coding by the retina p71
Toshihiko Hosoya, Stephen A. Baccus and Markus Meister
doi: 10.1038/nature03689
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Genome-wide analysis of human kinases in clathrin- and caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis p78
Lucas Pelkmans, Eugenio Fava, Hannes Grabner, Michael Hannus, Bianca Habermann, Eberhard Krausz and Marino Zerial
doi: 10.1038/nature03571
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Top of pageLetters
Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom p87
K. M. Birnbaum, A. Boca, R. Miller, A. D. Boozer, T. E. Northup and H. J. Kimble
doi: 10.1038/nature03804
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Doping semiconductor nanocrystals p91
Steven C. Erwin, Lijun Zu, Michael I. Haftel, Alexander L. Efros, Thomas A. Kennedy and David J. Norris
doi: 10.1038/nature03832
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Breaking of Henry's law for noble gas and CO2 solubility in silicate melt under pressure p95
Philippe Sarda and Bertrand Guillot
doi: 10.1038/nature03636
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Generation time and temporal scaling of bird population dynamics p99
Bernt-Erik S?ther, Russell Lande, Steinar Engen, Henri Weimerskirch, Magnar Lilleg?rd, Res Altwegg, Peter H. Becker, Thomas Bregnballe, Jon E. Brommer, Robin H. McCleery, Juha Meril?, Erik Nyholm, Wallace Rendell, Raleigh R. Robertson, Piotr Tryjanowski and Marcel E. Visser
doi: 10.1038/nature03666
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Nicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors p103
U. Maskos, B. E. Molles, S. Pons, M. Besson, B. P. Guiard, J.-P. Guilloux, A. Evrard, P. Cazala, A. Cormier, M. Mameli-Engvall, N. Dufour, I. Clo?z-Tayarani, A.-P. Bemelmans, J. Mallet, A. M. Gardier, V. David, P. Faure, S. Granon and J.-P. Changeux
doi: 10.1038/nature03694
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ATP is a mediator of chemosensory transduction in the central nervous system p108
Alexander V. Gourine, Enrique Llaudet, Nicholas Dale and K. Michael Spyer
doi: 10.1038/nature03690
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure p112
Yumiko Imai, Keiji Kuba, Shuan Rao, Yi Huan, Feng Guo, Bin Guan, Peng Yang, Renu Sarao, Teiji Wada, Howard Leong-Poi, Michael A. Crackower, Akiyoshi Fukamizu, Chi-Chung Hui, Lutz Hein, Stefan Uhlig, Arthur S. Slutsky, Chengyu Jiang and Josef M. Penninger
doi: 10.1038/nature03712
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Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma p117
Levi A. Garraway, Hans R. Widlund, Mark A. Rubin, Gad Getz, Aaron J. Berger, Sridhar Ramaswamy, Rameen Beroukhim, Danny A. Milner, Scott R. Granter, Jinyan Du, Charles Lee, Stephan N. Wagner, Cheng Li, Todd R. Golub, David L. Rimm, Matthew L. Meyerson, David E. Fisher and William R. Sellers
doi: 10.1038/nature03664
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Rac1b and reactive oxygen species mediate MMP-3-induced EMT and genomic instability p123
Derek C. Radisky, Dinah D. Levy, Laurie E. Littlepage, Hong Liu, Celeste M. Nelson, Jimmie E. Fata, Devin Leake, Elizabeth L. Godden, Donna G. Albertson, M. Angela Nieto, Zena Werb and Mina J. Bissell
doi: 10.1038/nature03688
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Kinase-regulated quantal assemblies and kiss-and-run recycling of caveolae p128
Lucas Pelkmans and Marino Zerial
doi: 10.1038/nature03866
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Molecular basis of photoprotection and control of photosynthetic light-harvesting p134
Andrew A. Pascal, Zhenfeng Liu, Koen Broess, Bart van Oort, Herbert van Amerongen, Chao Wang, Peter Horton, Bruno Robert, Wenrui Chang and Alexander Ruban
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First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (428K)
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X-ray structure of a tetranucleosome and its implications for the chromatin fibre p138
Thomas Schalch, Sylwia Duda, David F. Sargent and Timothy J. Richmond
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First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (489K) | Supplementary information
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Prospect
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Seeking feedback, whatever the setting, can help you plan for the next stage of your career.
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7047-143a
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No longer rivals, Oxford, Cambridge and London are now working towards a common goal — ensuring the 'golden triangle' becomes a global science hub.
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Spotlight
Spotlight on UK Golden Triangle
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Top of pageFutures
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It's a tough choice...
Ted Chiang
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Full Text | PDF (158K)
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