| 2005年06月30日 Nature中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
|  | Volume 435 Number 7046 pp1137-1286
封面故事：中国的环境问题对全球的影响
中国的环境问题在世界上是最重要的，不仅因为中国的人口占全世界的1/5，而且因为中国经济规模很大，发展速度很快。随着全球化的发展，中国的问题也是世界的问题。在本期一篇特写文章中，刘建国（音译）和Jared Diamond介绍了中国大范围的环境变化所产生的影响及其所面临的社会经济方面的挑战，综合了即便对中国读者来说也是七零八落的、对西方读者来说基本上无法得到的详细的文献资料。（Feature p. 1179）本期封面刊登的是上海的一条街道，其前景为百事可乐的广告，用来反映全球化的影响（照片提供：Image China）。本期Nature还发表了Peter Aldhous关于中国怎样解决其能源需求急速增长的问题的报道。
造山运动等地质过程的持续时间
形成地貌特征的地质过程的持续时间引起各种不同的争论。造山运动（即地壳因被不断地埋藏而消失、随着被埋藏的部分上升至地表又重新出现的一个过程）是一个新的年代测量方法能够解决这一问题的过程。对挪威南部“加里东山系”中大陆碰撞所遗留下的岩石残迹所做的高精度年代测量表明，整个循环能够很快发生，持续时间大约3000万年。而且，热的流体区域通过冷的地壳的迅速运输也许还能解释很多令人迷惑不解的地质现象。
反向运输蛋白的晶体结构
活细胞需要一个钠/质子（Na+/H+）反向运输蛋白来控制细胞内酸－碱平衡、细胞体积和盐含量。反向运输蛋白是调节两种不同分子或离子从相反方向跨过细胞膜所进行的交换的蛋白。现在，研究人员确定了一种细菌的钠/质子反向运输蛋白的晶体结构，该结构显示出一个带负电的离子漏斗，其口朝向细胞质开放，其端部在细胞膜内的一个离子结合点上。反向运输蛋白抑制剂被用来在外科手术中稳定心脏肌肉细胞，而在植物中，反向运输蛋白的过度表达使得植物具有耐盐性。
纳米级的显微镜
纳米结构的研究产生了对能够看到传统可见光和紫外线显微镜极限以外的显微镜的需要。X-射线成像是一个有希望的选择。本期Nature上介绍的一种新型显微镜达到了前所未有的分辨率，同时能够看透包装材料。这种显微镜有一个特制的由两部分组成的玻域片，（即一个有同心玻域的棱镜，很像高射投影仪等设备中常用的菲涅耳棱镜中的环），它利用衍射将图像投射在一个对软X-射线敏感的CCD照相机上。这种显微镜的空间分辨率好于15纳米是可能做到的。
用于医学诊断的磁颗粒成像方法
本期Nature介绍了一种新的成像方法，是用于医学诊断的，是设在汉堡的飞利浦公司的研究实验室开发出的。该方法的原理是，让患者服用一种含有无害磁性颗粒的液体，然后将患者置于一个磁场中，这个磁场与在传统磁共振成像中所用的磁场类似。但与磁共振成像不同的是，在这种方法中，被探测的是颗粒本身，而不是它们在周围组织中诱发产生的响应。医学成像是该项目的重点，但磁颗粒成像也可能在材料科学、探伤和流体力学等领域派上用场。
全球变暖对沙丘的影响
沙丘占世界陆地面积的约5%，其中非洲的这个比例几乎达到30%，在那里，有植被的沙丘被广泛用于农业生产，但全球变暖对沙丘体系的潜在影响尚不是很清楚。新的气候模型研究表明，对关于CO2排放量的一系列预测结果来说，到2010年，由于未来全球变暖，从南非到安哥拉的大范围沙丘体系都将会有生机。沙丘的这种变化有可能对环境产生极大影响，对于沙丘体系所在国家来说也可能会产生显著的社会、政治影响。
火蚂蚁的性别冲突
研究人员在小小的火蚂蚁（Wasmannia auropunctata）中发现了性别冲突的一个极端例子。蚁后通过有性繁殖生出不育工蚁，但所有新的蚁后都是克隆出的。这潜在地将雄性生殖的成功率降低到了零，但雄性也会做出明显回应，它们会通过在蚂蚁卵发育期间除掉雌性基因组来阻碍新蚁后的产生。因此，“儿子”便会有与它们的“父亲”相同的核基因组。所以它们也是克隆出的。这一引人注目的繁殖体系有效地导致了雄性和雌性基因库的完全分离。
猴子大脑中也有一个Broca区
1861年，一位名叫Paul Broca的医生描述了一个有语言问题的患者，这个患者只能说一个词：“tan”。该患者死后，在其大脑左前叶皮层的部分区域发现了脑损伤，这个区域后来被称为“Broca语言产生区”，或称为“human architectronic area 44”。今天，关于人类以外的灵长类是否也有一个类似的皮层区存在相当大的争议。现在，Petrides等人发现，猴子的确也有一个这样的区域，它与面部肌肉组织有关。该区域可能是控制下巴的动作和其他动作的，包括与交流有关的动作。
控制大脑尺寸的信号
控制大脑大小的机制是发育遗传学、神经学和哺乳动物演化的核心内容。一项新的研究表明，一组被称为ephrins、存在于发育中的大脑中的新的信号因子，能够诱导产生所有神经细胞的前体细胞或干细胞的死亡，从而控制大脑皮层的最终大小。当这种死亡信号增加时，大脑尺寸减小，导致小脑症。当该信号减少时，皮层尺寸增加，导致大脑生长过度。这一发现对于脑病、脑再生和脑癌来说有重要意义。
生长素控制植物生长的机制
多年来，人们一直假设生长素（普遍存在的植物发育调节物质）通过影响基因表达来控制植物生长。生长素抑制内吞作用（与其他体系中的信号分子相关的一个蛋白循环过程）的发现表明，生长素是通过一个尚未确定性质的信号转换通道来控制生长的。通过抑制内吞作用，生长素能增加细胞表面上某些蛋白的数量，包括“PIN生长素流出调控蛋白”。生长素还能通过一个依赖于囊泡运输的机制来促进其自己的流出。
致癌基因BCR-ABL的动力学特征
慢性骨髓白血病与致癌基因BCR-ABL有关。酪氨酸激酶抑制因子Imatinib (Gleevec)（是所报道的第一种以分子为作用目标的抗癌药物）通过破坏这种致癌基因的功能来发挥作用。在对接受该药物治疗的169位患者所进行的一项研究中，研究人员对BCR-ABL的动力学过程进行了跟踪，目的是开发出一个关于癌症的活体动力学过程的数学模型。该药物能降低白血病细胞的生产速度，但似乎不能耗尽一组白血病干细胞。这个模型还表明，抗药性突变产生于白血病细胞腔内，而且多种药物综合治疗的效果也许会更好一些。
大肠杆菌喜欢的运动姿势
这是一个意想不到的发现：研究人员用一种硅酮橡胶做成微通道，通道底部是软的琼脂。当靠鞭毛驱动的大肠杆菌细胞在这种微通道中游动时，若它们靠近底部的琼脂表面，其所受到的流体阻力较小；若靠近顶部的硅酮表面，其所受到的流体阻力较大。所以，它们在微通道中会比较喜欢某种运动姿势。这样，通过适当地选择通道壁材料，可引导细胞在微通道中的运动。这可以说是研制自持微型装置的第一步，这种装置能利用运动的细菌细胞来工作，可用作基于细胞的生物鉴定和生物传感器。
本期目录：
Editorials
Sustainable outcomes from Gleneagles p1137
African nations will be more likely to support development projects whose outcomes are indispensable to them. Participants at next week's G8 summit should focus aid in this direction.
doi: 10.1038/4351137a
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Bringing neuroscience to the classroom p1138
Is the US National Science Foundation jumping the gun with its plans for education?
doi: 10.1038/4351138a
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Crystal clear p1138
Clarifying the Nature journals' policy on data deposition for chemical structures.
doi: 10.1038/4351138b
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p1140
doi: 10.1038/4351140a
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Top of pageNews
Japan consoled with contracts as France snares fusion project p1142
International partners finally agree that next-generation reactor will be built in Europe.
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/4351142a
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Clear skies raise global-warming estimates p1142
Cleaner air could remove a vital brake on climate change.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/4351142b
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Sidelines p1144
doi: 10.1038/4351144a
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Japan's university shake-up wins faint praise after first year p1144
Despite some benefits, few are convinced that research standards will rise.
Ichiko Fuyuno
doi: 10.1038/4351144b
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Shrinking budget grounds German space research p1145
Scientists fear specialized labs will founder if budget cuts continue.
Alison Abbott
doi: 10.1038/4351145a
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Science & Africa: A message to the G8 summit p1146
Africa's scientists tell industrialized nations what they need to hear.
doi: 10.1038/4351146a
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News in brief p1150
doi: 10.1038/4351150a
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Top of pageNews Features
Energy: China's burning ambition p1152
The economic miracle that is transforming the world's most populous nation is threatened by energy shortages and rising pollution. It also risks plunging the planet's climate into chaos. Peter Aldhous reports.
doi: 10.1038/4351152a
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Educational research: Big plans for little brains p1156
Experts in neuroscience, computing and education are coming together in a massive effort to put the way in which children are taught on a sounder scientific footing. Trisha Gura profiles this ambitious — some might say foolhardy — initiative.
doi: 10.1038/4351156a
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Top of pageBusiness
Array of possibilities opens up in genotyping p1159
Technology is no longer limiting the search for genetic diseases.
Virginia Gewin
doi: 10.1038/4351159a
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In brief p1159
doi: 10.1038/4351159b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Promoting dialogue is the best way to combat ID in classrooms p1160
Herman L. Mays, Jr
doi: 10.1038/4351160a
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Science and religion can strengthen each other p1160
Philip C. Farese
doi: 10.1038/4351160b
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Thoughtful peer review is worth the time it takes p1160
Xavier Michalet
doi: 10.1038/4351160c
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Despite some flaws, online submission is the future p1160
Ying-Hen Hsieh
doi: 10.1038/4351160d
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Expanding the Universe p1161
Just how many dimensions are there?
Paul Davies reviews Warped Passages: Unravelling the Universe's Hidden Dimensions by Lisa Randall
doi: 10.1038/4351161a
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Making small talk p1162
Fran Balkwill reviews The Language of Life: How Cells Communicate in Health and Disease by Debra Niehoff
doi: 10.1038/4351162a
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Exhibition: Colour vision p1162
doi: 10.1038/4351162b
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Hitching a lift p1163
Gabor L?vei reviews Out of Eden: An Odyssey of Ecological Invasion by Alan Burdick
doi: 10.1038/4351163a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
Now you see it, now you don't p1165
Cell doctrine: modern biology and medicine see the cell as the fundamental building block of living organisms, but this concept breaks down at different perspectives and scales.
Neil D. Theise
doi: 10.1038/4351165a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Evolutionary biology: Males from Mars p1167
In an ant species — or is it two species? — females are produced only by females and males only by males. Explanations of this revelation have to invoke some decidedly offbeat patterns of natural selection.
David Queller
doi: 10.1038/4351167a
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Fluid dynamics: Impact on Everest p1168
When a drop of liquid plummets onto a surface, the result is a splash — but not it seems if the process occurs at reduced atmospheric pressure. Here, perhaps, is a way to tune splash behaviour for practical ends.
David Quéré
doi: 10.1038/4351168a
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Cancer biology: Summing up cancer stem cells p1169
Are current cancer drugs targeted at the wrong kinds of cells? A pioneering approach to the development of treatments uses a mathematical model to follow how different types of tumour cells respond to therapy.
Brian J. P. Huntly and D. Gary Gilliland
doi: 10.1038/4351169a
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Geophysics: Hot fluids and cold crusts p1171
Conventional wisdom says that changes to crustal rocks pushed down deep when continents collide develop over millions of years. But it seems that some metamorphism may be caused by tectonic events lasting only a decade.
Simon Kelley
doi: 10.1038/4351171a
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Biophysics: Fashionable cells p1172
How can cells deform yet maintain optimal function? Probing the similarities in the properties of a cell's network of structural filaments, and those of soft glassy materials, may help in tackling this question.
Chun Y. Seow
doi: 10.1038/4351172a
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Cancer: A changing global view p1172
Barbara Marte
doi: 10.1038/4351172b
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Imaging techniques: Particular magnetic insights p1173
Over the past 30 years magnetic resonance imaging has been refined into a widely used technique. A method known as magnetic particle imaging has now been devised which offers an inner view from a different angle.
Andreas Trabesinger
doi: 10.1038/4351173a
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50 & 100 years ago p1174
doi: 10.1038/4351174a
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Gene regulation: Expression and silencing coupled p1174
The RNA interference pathway can inhibit the expression of specific genes. It now seems that an essential component of the silencing process is the gene-expression machinery itself.
Stephen Buratowski and Danesh Moazed
doi: 10.1038/4351174b
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Obituary: Keiiti Aki (1930?2005) p1176
Seismologist extraordinaire.
Paul G. Richards
doi: 10.1038/4351176a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Animal behaviour: Continuous activity in cetaceans after birth p1177
The exceptional wakefulness of newborn whales and dolphins has no ill-effect on their development.
Oleg Lyamin, Julia Pryaslova, Valentine Lance and Jerome Siegel
doi: 10.1038/4351177a
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (138K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageFeature
China's environment in a globalizing world p1179
How China and the rest of the world affect each other.
Jianguo Liu and Jared Diamond
doi: 10.1038/4351179a
Full Text | PDF (561K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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Top of pageProgress
Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future p1187
Meinrat O. Andreae, Chris D. Jones and Peter M. Cox
doi: 10.1038/nature03671
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (226K)
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Top of pageArticles
Short-lived orogenic cycles and the eclogitization of cold crust by spasmodic hot fluids p1191
Alfredo Camacho, James K. W. Lee, Bastiaan J. Hensen and Jean Braun
doi: 10.1038/nature03643
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (429K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Kelley
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Structure of a Na+/H+ antiporter and insights into mechanism of action and regulation by pH p1197
Carola Hunte, Emanuela Screpanti, Miro Venturi, Abraham Rimon, Etana Padan and Hartmut Michel
doi: 10.1038/nature03692
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (447K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
The U/Th production ratio and the age of the Milky Way from meteorites and Galactic halo stars p1203
Nicolas Dauphas
doi: 10.1038/nature03645
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (183K) | Supplementary information
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Neutron and X-ray diffraction study of the broken symmetry phase transition in solid deuterium p1206
Igor Goncharenko and Paul Loubeyre
doi: 10.1038/nature03699
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Soft X-ray microscopy at a spatial resolution better than 15 nm p1210
Weilun Chao, Bruce D. Harteneck, J. Alexander Liddle, Erik H. Anderson and David T. Attwood
doi: 10.1038/nature03719
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Tomographic imaging using the nonlinear response of magnetic particles p1214
Bernhard Gleich and Jürgen Weizenecker
doi: 10.1038/nature03808
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (278K)
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Trabesinger
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Remobilization of southern African desert dune systems by twenty-first century global warming p1218
David S. G. Thomas, Melanie Knight and Giles F. S. Wiggs
doi: 10.1038/nature03717
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (512K) | Supplementary information
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Imaging the Indian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya p1222
Vera Schulte-Pelkum, Gaspar Monsalve, Anne Sheehan, M. R. Pandey, Som Sapkota, Roger Bilham and Francis Wu
doi: 10.1038/nature03678
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (575K) | Supplementary information
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Experimental demonstration of chaos in a microbial food web p1226
Lutz Becks, Frank M. Hilker, Horst Malchow, Klaus Jürgens and Hartmut Arndt
doi: 10.1038/nature03627
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (315K) | Supplementary information
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Clonal reproduction by males and females in the little fire ant p1230
Denis Fournier, Arnaud Estoup, Jér?me Orivel, Julien Foucaud, Hervé Jourdan, Julien Le Breton and Laurent Keller
doi: 10.1038/nature03705
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (284K)
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Orofacial somatomotor responses in the macaque monkey homologue of Broca's area p1235
Michael Petrides, Geneviève Cadoret and Scott Mackey
doi: 10.1038/nature03628
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Phosphoinositide phosphatase activity coupled to an intrinsic voltage sensor p1239
Yoshimichi Murata, Hirohide Iwasaki, Mari Sasaki, Kazuo Inaba and Yasushi Okamura
doi: 10.1038/nature03650
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Ephrin signalling controls brain size by regulating apoptosis of neural progenitors p1244
Vanessa Depaepe, Nathalie Suarez-Gonzalez, Audrey Dufour, Lara Passante, Jessica A Gorski, Kevin R. Jones, Catherine Ledent and Pierre Vanderhaeghen
doi: 10.1038/nature03651
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (576K) | Supplementary information
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Auxin inhibits endocytosis and promotes its own efflux from cells p1251
Tomasz Paciorek, Eva Zaímalová, Nadia Ruthardt, Jan Petráek, York-Dieter Stierhof, Jürgen Kleine-Vehn, David A. Morris, Neil Emans, Gerd Jürgens, Niko Geldner and Jií Friml
doi: 10.1038/nature03633
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (528K) | Supplementary information
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The conserved protein DCN-1/Dcn1p is required for cullin neddylation in C. elegans and S. cerevisiae p1257
Thimo Kurz, Nurhan ?zlü, Fabian Rudolf, Sean M. O'Rourke, Brian Luke, Kay Hofmann, Anthony A. Hyman, Bruce Bowerman and Matthias Peter
doi: 10.1038/nature03662
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (466K) | Supplementary information
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Global histone modification patterns predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence p1262
David B. Seligson, Steve Horvath, Tao Shi, Hong Yu, Sheila Tze, Michael Grunstein and Siavash K. Kurdistani
doi: 10.1038/nature03672
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (356K) | Supplementary information
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Dynamics of chronic myeloid leukaemia p1267
Franziska Michor, Timothy P. Hughes, Yoh Iwasa, Susan Branford, Neil P. Shah, Charles L. Sawyers and Martin A. Nowak
doi: 10.1038/nature03669
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (319K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Huntly & Gilliland
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Escherichia coli swim on the right-hand side p1271
Willow R. DiLuzio, Linda Turner, Michael Mayer, Piotr Garstecki, Douglas B. Weibel, Howard C. Berg and George M. Whitesides
doi: 10.1038/nature03660
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (224K) | Supplementary information
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RNA-interference-directed chromatin modification coupled to RNA polymerase II transcription p1275
Vera Schramke, Daniel M. Sheedy, Ahmet M. Denli, Carolina Bonila, Karl Ekwall, Gregory J. Hannon and Robin C. Allshire
doi: 10.1038/nature03652
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (685K) | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Buratowski & Moazed
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Erratum: Large Cretaceous sphenodontian from Patagonia provides insight into lepidosaur evolution in Gondwana p1280
Sebastián Apesteguía and Fernando E. Novas
doi: 10.1038/nature03878
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Corrigendum: Mg isotope evidence for contemporaneous formation of chondrules and refractory inclusions p1280
Martin Bizzarro, Joel A. Baker and Henning Haack
doi: 10.1038/nature03919
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Take your partner by the hand... p1281
Analysing company partners is key to succeeding in shifting biotech landscape
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7046-1281a
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Careers and Recruitment
Immunology goes global p1282
Scientists seeking immunology posts are looking beyond the United States and scattering all over the globe. They are re-evaluating both the focus of their work and where they choose to pursue it, says Myrna Watanabe.
Myrna Watanabe
doi: 10.1038/nj7046-1282a
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Top of pageFutures
Are we not men? p1286
Meet the family...
Henry Gee
doi: 10.1038/4351286a
Full Text | PDF (311K)
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上一篇：2005年06月23日 Nature中文摘要 下一篇：2005年07月07日 Nature中文摘要
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