| 2005年06月16日 Nature中文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛
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|  | Volume 435 Number 7044 pp855-1002
封面故事：“微RNA”与干细胞的增殖
干细胞的独特性是，它们有能力在其他细胞在其中是静止的组织中增殖。它们能以某种方式绕过细胞分裂停止信号。在一项实验中，“微RNA”处理过程在果蝇生殖干细胞中被阻断。该实验表明，这些基因沉寂调节分子是使干细胞对正常情况下在细胞周期的G1/S过渡阶段停止细胞分裂的环境信号变得不敏感的一个机制的构成部分。没有“微RNA”，生殖细胞会像正常细胞一样停止分裂。上期Nature上三篇论文介绍了“微RNA”在某些类型的人类癌症中的作用：肿瘤细胞无限制的分裂和干细胞分裂的受控可能是同一枚“微RNA”“硬币”的两面。
科学捕鲸也要受控
日本已通知“国际捕鲸委员会”（IWC），计划使其每年小须鲸的捕捞量翻倍，达到900头以上。与商业捕鲸不同的是，科研捕鲸的配额是不受限制的：1987年以来，日本已从南极水域捕捞约6800头小须鲸供研究使用，并从出售鲸肉中获得数百万美元收入。在本期Nature上，IWC的科学委员会的4名委员认为，“科学”捕鲸是失控的。他们说，如果IWC要对鲸进行保护或使捕鲸业具有可持续性，那么其科学委员会需要发挥更大作用。
差异万岁
在谈到脊椎动物大脑和思想的组织时，我们说“差异万岁”似乎是很公平的。基本的构成部分在不同个体之间能实现很大的差异。神经基因组中可变性的一个来源也许可以解释本期Nature上报告的一些差别：由LINE-1调节要素造成的逆转录移位。研究表明，在成年大鼠的神经干细胞中和在转基因小鼠的活体大脑中， 一种由基因工程方法做成的人类LINE-1能够通过逆转录从RNA生成DNA。以前，在生殖细胞中或在早期胚胎形成过程中曾看到类似的逆转录移位，这是在这些细胞成为某一具体类别的细胞（比如说神经细胞）之前看到的。但本期Nature上发表的这项新工作表明，移动遗传要素也许能改变神经基因组，而在非常靠后的某个阶段也许还能改变神经回路。
某些陨石由熔化的小行星形成
我们的太阳系形成于大约46亿年前，而小行星天体是在400万年内形成的，其中一些熔化后形成火山岩或相关岩石。两个类别的陨石（即HEDs和Angrites）被认为来自这个时候熔化的小行星。新的高精度氧同位素测量结果所提供的信息表明，这些陨石形成于两类截然不同的小行星，它们在早期太阳系中都经历了大规模的熔化。这些新的结果表明，早期的全球范围的熔化事件是迄今为止所取样的所有分异而成的行星（包括地球、月球和火星）和小行星的一个特征。
硅-42为什么寿命短？
由于有了能够生成奇异放射性同位素射线束的设施，科学家在核结构物理学研究中正在取得戏剧性的进展。在这些同位素中，硅-42对于研究把额外的中子放进一个原子核中所产生的效应来说尤为重要。原子核中的中子和质子是按一系列的能级或“壳层”排列的。当一个壳层的粒子数量达到其应当分配的粒子数量时，原子核特别稳定：对原子核稳定性来说的“魔幻数字”分别是：2、8、20、28、50、82和126。硅-42的存在归功于它的28个中子，但它仍然是一个短命的原子。这种短寿命一直被解释为是由于强变形所致，但这个解释却与一项新的研究结果是矛盾的，后者表明，硅-42几乎是球形的。
印度洋地震的地震波传播速度和方向
本期Nature上发表的两项研究，对去年12月引起印度洋灾难性海啸的地震持一种“长距离”观点。来自日本的Hi-Net地震网的数据表明，地震断裂沿一个方向传播，花8分钟时间以每秒2.8公里的速度向北传播了1300公里。该计算是以到达监测阵列的第一批地震波为根据的。这个监测阵列今后可能用来在大地震发生后几分钟时间内对其地震波的传播范围进行测绘。来自“德国区域地震网”（距印度洋地震地点9000公里）的数据表明，断裂最初是以每秒2.4至2.8公里的速度传播的，在传播方向转到北方之后速度减慢。
生长缓慢的恐鸟
被称为Ornithurines的兽脚类动物包括所有现代鸟类在内，其特点是生长速度非常快。它们中大多数的生长在不到一年内完成。然而，最近灭绝的新西兰恐鸟是不同的。研究人员已在博物馆收藏的巨型恐鸟Dinornis的骨骼中检测到了循环生长的标志，这与它们生长非常缓慢的特点是一致的。它们几乎需要10年时间才能成年，这也是造成它们在早期人类定居者捕猎下灭绝的一个因素。
Foxa遗传体系的作用
研究确定，Foxa1和 Foxa2调节蛋白对于形成脊椎动物胚胎中的肝脏的细胞的分化来说是必不可少的。缺少这些蛋白的小鼠胚胎实质上是没有肝脏的，在前肠内胚层中没有肝脏萌芽。Foxa遗传体系也许可证明是研究普遍意义上的组织生成的分子控制的一个有用模型，因为除了形成肝脏外，胚胎的这一部分还形成肺、甲状腺和胰腺等器官。
肌肉细胞的来源
骨骼肌上的一组新的干细胞已在两项独立的研究中被发现。这些细胞在胚胎和胎儿的骨骼肌的形成中是重要的。对早期胚胎肌肉细胞的来源，人们已经非常了解，但对后期胚胎肌肉细胞的来源却知道得比较少。在胚胎发育的后期，肌肉群中的先驱细胞继续形成胎儿体内的新细胞。Relaix等人在小鼠体内发现了在发育过程中继续在躯干和四肢中增殖的细胞。这些细胞表达转录因子Pax3和Pax7，缺少这两种转录因子会造成后期肌肉发育失败。Gros等人在小鸡体内对这些细胞的来源进行了追踪，发现这一组细胞的来源在胚胎中一个被称为“体节”（Somite）的区域，这些细胞生成“卫星细胞”，即成年骨骼肌的专用干细胞。对肌肉细胞的来源有更好的了解，可帮助开发治疗肌肉疾病的疗法。
伽马-分泌酶抑制剂也许可用来治疗结肠-直肠癌
Notch基因编码一系列膜受体，这些受体通过影响相邻细胞间的通信来控制关于细胞命运的决定。现在，两个研究小组报告，Notch信号参与了对小肠上皮组织命运的控制。此外，用伽马-分泌酶抑制剂DBZ阻断Notch通道，能阻止小肠和结肠中腺瘤（息肉）的生长。目前，各种不同的伽马-分泌酶抑制剂正在开发中，用来治疗阿尔茨海默氏症。这项新的研究工作表明，它们也许还可用来治疗结肠-直肠癌。
脉管中的微环境
在对小鼠骨髓中的脉管微环境所进行的一项研究中，最新显微镜技术显示了其威力。为对活动物成像做了优化的共焦显微镜显示，身体组织分成彼此分离的各个区域，由专门的内皮标记出来。这些区域中表达的分子调节骨髓正常功能所需的先驱干细胞和淋巴细胞的高度定位的寻址行动。但来自一种急性淋巴细胞性白血病等细胞系的细胞也能跟着这些细胞到一个欢迎它们的微区域。因此，生成这些内部空间的脉管结构也许是设计用来治疗转移性癌症的药物的潜在作用目标。
本期目录：
Editorials
Risks and benefits of dual-use research p855
Negotiations over a sensitive scientific publication that could be misused by bioterrorists highlight trouble ahead unless appropriate guidelines are developed.
doi: 10.1038/435855a
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Save the people, too p855
Conservationists must pay attention to the needs of local human, as well as animal, populations.
doi: 10.1038/435855b
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Much whaling and gnashing of teeth p856
The International Whaling Commission may be messy, but it's the only game in town.
doi: 10.1038/435856a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p858
doi: 10.1038/435858a
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Top of pageNews
Biologists asked to breed a culture of responsibility in face of terrorism p860
International conference says scientists must face up to the risks of their own research.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/435860a
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US teams join hands to build dexterous robots p861
Competition with Asia prompts united effort in robotics.
Gregory Huang
doi: 10.1038/435861a
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Whaling divisions deepen as Japan pushes for credibility p861
Pro-whaling allies likely to edge their first majority at international whaling conference.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/435861b
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Gloomy outlook for Blair p862
British prime minister Tony Blair hopes to make significant progress on climate change at the upcoming G8 summit. The United States is standing in his way, but his efforts may at least benefit climate research.
doi: 10.1038/435862a
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Geologists call time on dating dispute p865
Relations thaw as opposing sides vote on what to call latest geological period.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/435865a
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Sidelines p866
doi: 10.1038/435866a
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German tobacco papers reveal lump sums for health experts p866
Critics say payments responsible for country's lax smoking laws.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/435866b
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Look out for rough drafts of mammal genomes p867
Biologists disappointed that many new genome project species will get only low-density coverage.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/435867a
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News in brief p868
doi: 10.1038/435868a
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Top of pageNews Features
Conservation in Myanmar: Under the gun p870
Western conservation biologists working in Myanmar have been accused of colluding with a brutal military regime — charges they deny. Duncan Graham-Rowe reports from this pariah state.
doi: 10.1038/435870a
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Science education: Hothouse High p874
Do US high schools dedicated to science generate future academics or burnt-out whiz kids? Kendall Powell catches up with some of the first pupils to graduate from 'nerd school'.
doi: 10.1038/435874a
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Stem-cell therapies: The first wave p877
Treatments that use stem cells to replace damaged or diseased tissues are thought to lie many years away. But the cells might find other clinical applications in the near future, says Catherine Zandonella.
doi: 10.1038/435877a
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Top of pageBusiness
No longer the upstart p879
The US biotechnology industry's lobby shop is at last making its mark. Its incoming president may have taken some flak for quitting Congress but, as Meredith Wadman discovers, he's relishing the change.
doi: 10.1038/435879a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Coordinating vaccine use is best way to combat polio p881
Irving S. Johnson
doi: 10.1038/435881a
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Don't drop current vaccine until we have new ones p881
Vadim I. Agol, Konstantin Chumakov, Ellie Ehrenfeld and Eckard Wimmer
doi: 10.1038/435881b
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Images: keep a distinction between beauty and truth p881
Daniel A. Peterson
doi: 10.1038/435881c
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Top of pageCommentary
Japan's whaling plan under scrutiny p883
Useful science or unregulated commercial whaling? Nicholas J. Gales, Toshio Kasuya, Phillip J. Clapham and Robert L. Brownell Jr consider the scientific merits of Japan's whaling activities.
doi: 10.1038/435883a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Crash and burn p885
Even 'artificial organisms' such as commercial companies find immortality out of reach.
Adrian Woolfson reviews Why Most Things Fail: Evolution, Extinction and Economics by Paul Ormerod
doi: 10.1038/435885a
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Politics and disease p886
Adrian Sleigh reviews Twenty-First Century Plague: The Story of SARS by Thomas Abraham
doi: 10.1038/435886a
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The power of collecting p887
Brendan Tobin reviews Trading the Genome by Bronwyn Parry
doi: 10.1038/435887a
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Science in culture: Trees of knowledge p888
Georg Lichtenberg visualized a new branch of science.
Martin Kemp
doi: 10.1038/435888a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Low-temperature physics: Tunnelling into the chill p889
The trend towards ever smaller electronic instruments had left refrigerators out in the cold. Now a practical, compact device uses quantum mechanical tunnelling to cool close to absolute zero.
Jukka Pekola
doi: 10.1038/435889a
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Genetics: LINEs in mind p890
At least half the human genome consists of mobile elements, such as LINEs, some of which can jump around the genome. These elements have been crucial in genome evolution, but they may also contribute to human diversity.
Eric M. Ostertag and Haig H. Kazazian, Jr
doi: 10.1038/435890a
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Malaria: Fungal allies enlisted p891
The mosquito-killing capabilities of fungi can in principle be deployed in the fight against malaria. But long experience of unfulfilled hopes in this complex arena shows the need to proceed cautiously.
Yannis Michalakis and Fran?ois Renaud
doi: 10.1038/435891a
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Engineering: Skimming the surface p893
Models of the microscopic contact area between two surfaces work surprisingly well, or fail completely, depending on the aspects of adhesion or friction being investigated. A simulation now shows how the details matter.
Jacob N. Israelachvili
doi: 10.1038/435893a
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50 and 100 years ago p894
doi: 10.1038/435894a
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Cell biology: Powerful curves p895
A cell's contents are organized by a scaffolding of microtubules. These long, thin polymers continuously grow and shrink, and the structures of two forms of the constituent protein provide clues to how this occurs.
L. Mahadevan and T. J. Mitchison
doi: 10.1038/435895a
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Nuclear physics: Elusive magic numbers p897
Gaps in nuclear levels, which cause nuclei with 'magic' numbers of protons or neutrons to be especially stable, seem to be different for nuclei with an excess of neutrons. But are all magic numbers aberrant in exotic species?
Robert V. F. Janssens
doi: 10.1038/435897a
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Developmental biology: One source for muscle p898
Producing muscle as an embryo, and making or repairing it as an adult, could be considered to be quite different processes. But it seems that cells that share a common origin carry out both of these tasks.
Iain W. McKinnell and Michael A. Rudnicki
doi: 10.1038/435898a
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Cell biology: New cog for a familiar machine p899
During cell division, intricate cellular machinery separates duplicated DNA into daughter cells. Unexpectedly, the assembly of this crucial apparatus seems to rely on components other than proteins and DNA.
Mary Dasso
doi: 10.1038/435899a
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Corrections p900
doi: 10.1038/435900a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Genetics: Relatedness among east African coelacanths p901
Scattered groups of these ancient fish may all stem from a single remote population.
Manfred Schartl, Ute Hornung, Karen Hissmann, Jürgen Schauer and Hans Fricke
doi: 10.1038/435901a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Food-web topology: Universal scaling in food-web structure? pE3
J. Camacho and A. Arenas
doi: 10.1038/nature03839
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Food-web topology: Universal scaling in food-web structure? (reply) pE4
Diego Garlaschelli, Guido Caldarelli and Luciano Pietronero
doi: 10.1038/nature03840
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Top of pageArticles
Somatic mosaicism in neuronal precursor cells mediated by L1 retrotransposition p903
Alysson R. Muotri, Vi T. Chu, Maria C. N. Marchetto, Wei Deng, John V. Moran and Fred H. Gage
doi: 10.1038/nature03663
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (496K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Ostertag & Kazazian
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Nucleotide-dependent bending flexibility of tubulin regulates microtubule assembly p911
Hong-Wei Wang and Eva Nogales
doi: 10.1038/nature03606
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (360K) | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Mahadevan & Mitchison
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Top of pageLetters
Widespread magma oceans on asteroidal bodies in the early Solar System p916
Richard C. Greenwood, Ian A. Franchi, Albert Jambon and Paul C. Buchanan
doi: 10.1038/nature03612
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High-frequency acoustic waves are not sufficient to heat the solar chromosphere p919
Astrid Fossum and Mats Carlsson
doi: 10.1038/nature03695
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'Magic' nucleus 42Si p922
J. Fridmann, I. Wiedenh?ver, A. Gade, L. T. Baby, D. Bazin, B. A. Brown, C. M. Campbell, J. M. Cook, P. D. Cottle, E. Diffenderfer, D.-C. Dinca, T. Glasmacher, P. G. Hansen, K. W. Kemper, J. L. Lecouey, W. F. Mueller, H. Olliver, E. Rodriguez-Vieitez, J. R. Terry, J. A. Tostevin and K. Yoneda
doi: 10.1038/nature03619
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (483K)
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Janssens
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Triplet?singlet spin relaxation via nuclei in a double quantum dot p925
A. C. Johnson, J. R. Petta, J. M. Taylor, A. Yacoby, M. D. Lukin, C. M. Marcus, M. P. Hanson and A. C. Gossard
doi: 10.1038/nature03815
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The breakdown of continuum models for mechanical contacts p929
Binquan Luan and Mark O. Robbins
doi: 10.1038/nature03700
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See also: News and Views by Israelachvili
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Extent, duration and speed of the 2004 Sumatra?Andaman earthquake imaged by the Hi-Net array p933
Miaki Ishii, Peter M. Shearer, Heidi Houston and John E. Vidale
doi: 10.1038/nature03675
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Tracking the rupture of the Mw = 9.3 Sumatra earthquake over 1,150 km at teleseismic distance p937
Frank Krüger and Matthias Ohrnberger
doi: 10.1038/nature03696
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Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa p940
Samuel T. Turvey, Owen R. Green and Richard N. Holdaway
doi: 10.1038/nature03635
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The initiation of liver development is dependent on Foxa transcription factors p944
Catherine S. Lee, Joshua R. Friedman, James T. Fulmer and Klaus H. Kaestner
doi: 10.1038/nature03649
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A Pax3/Pax7-dependent population of skeletal muscle progenitor cells p948
Frédéric Relaix, Didier Rocancourt, Ahmed Mansouri and Margaret Buckingham
doi: 10.1038/nature03594
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (545K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by McKinnell & Rudnicki
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A common somitic origin for embryonic muscle progenitors and satellite cells p954
Jér?me Gros, Marie Manceau, Virginie Thomé and Christophe Marcelle
doi: 10.1038/nature03572
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (428K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by McKinnell & Rudnicki
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Notch/-secretase inhibition turns proliferative cells in intestinal crypts and adenomas into goblet cells p959
Johan H. van Es, Marielle E. van Gijn, Orbicia Riccio, Maaike van den Born, Marc Vooijs, Harry Begthel, Miranda Cozijnsen, Sylvie Robine, Doug J. Winton, Freddy Radtke and Hans Clevers
doi: 10.1038/nature03659
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Notch signals control the fate of immature progenitor cells in the intestine p964
Silvia Fre, Mathilde Huyghe, Philippos Mourikis, Sylvie Robine, Daniel Louvard and Spyros Artavanis-Tsakonas
doi: 10.1038/nature03589
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (310K) | Supplementary information
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In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment p969
Dorothy A. Sipkins, Xunbin Wei, Juwell W. Wu, Judith M. Runnels, Daniel C?té, Terry K. Means, Andrew D. Luster, David T. Scadden and Charles P. Lin
doi: 10.1038/nature03703
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Stem cell division is regulated by the microRNA pathway p974
S. D. Hatfield, H. R. Shcherbata, K. A. Fischer, K. Nakahara, R. W. Carthew and H. Ruohola-Baker
doi: 10.1038/nature03816
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Crystal structure of thymine DNA glycosylase conjugated to SUMO-1 p979
Daichi Baba, Nobuo Maita, Jun-Goo Jee, Yasuhiro Uchimura, Hisato Saitoh, Kaoru Sugasawa, Fumio Hanaoka, Hidehito Tochio, Hidekazu Hiroaki and Masahiro Shirakawa
doi: 10.1038/nature03634
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Structural basis for the promiscuous biosynthetic prenylation of aromatic natural products p983
Tomohisa Kuzuyama, Joseph P. Noel and Stéphane B. Richard
doi: 10.1038/nature03668
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Top of pageTechnology Features
Genomics: Getting down to details p991
MicroRNAs that tweak gene expression, single nucleotide polymorphisms in population genetics, and individual genome sequencing: Caitlin Smith takes a look at three fast-moving areas in genomics.
Caitlin Smith
doi: 10.1038/435991a
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Genomics: Big tasks for small molecules p991
doi: 10.1038/435991b
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Genomics: Genotyping gets up to speed p992
doi: 10.1038/435992a
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Genomics: SNPs and human disease p993
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Table of suppliers p995
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Region
An eastern promise of regeneration p998
The East Coast corridor of New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania is poised for renewed growth in biomedicine. Claudia Caruana investigates.
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doi: 10.1038/nj7044-998a
Full Text | PDF (793K)
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Spotlight
Spotlight on Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey
doi: 10.1038/nj0072
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A casual conversation.
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doi: 10.1038/4351002a
Full Text | PDF (503K)
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