| 2005年06月09日 Nature中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
|  | Volume 435 Number 7043 pp713-854
封面故事：Prion蛋白和淀粉体的结构
阿尔茨海默氏症、Prion疾病和其他神经退化疾病与被称为淀粉体的非溶性蛋白纤维有关。实践证明，收集形成这些蛋白的结构信息很困难。现在，三个小组取得了突破，他们在本期Nature上报告了解决这一问题的各种不同方法。本期封面所示为由酵母Prion蛋白Sup35形成的一种与淀粉体相似的小纤维的“脊梁”的原子结构。为获得这一结构，Nelson等人（Article p. 773）对淀粉体的微晶体进行了X射线晶体学研究；Krishnan和Lindquist（Article p. 765）利用很多方法来研究淀粉体核心的折叠；Ritter等人（Letter p. 844）确定了一种细丝菌的有感染能力的HET-s prion的构造。Christopher Dobson（News and Views）对这么多数据能为我们提供哪些关于Prion和淀粉体在患病状态和健康状态中的形成情况的信息进行了思考。
印尼苏门答腊附近还可能发生海啸
3月28日苏门答腊岛西海岸发生的强烈地震，引起人们对发生另一次海啸灾难的惊惶和恐惧。该地震被证实是“巽他大逆冲”的一次断裂，可能是由去年12月份的海啸事件诱发的。最新应力分布图表明，“巽他大逆冲”上重新出现地震活动的最大风险在明打威群岛附近的一个断面上：历史记录表明，发生一次海啸是有可能的。
肌球蛋白VI的结构
肌球蛋白VI运动分子是科学家特别感兴趣的，因为它与肌球蛋白超级家族的多数其他成员向相反方向运动：它朝肌动蛋白细丝的尖端运动，而远离有刺的一端（或称“正”的一端）。现在，研究人员已经以2.4埃的分辨率确定了一种被截短了的肌球蛋白VI的结构。这个分子中的杠杆臂重新取向的原子尺度的细节显示了两个独特的插入物，它们是其反方向运动的关键。
火星上发现极光
科学家已在太阳系的大多数行星上观察到极光，而在“火星特快”到达火星之前，火星似乎是其中的一个例外。“火星特快”的SPICAM紫外光谱仪已探测到一个火星极光，它与所报道的其他行星的所有极光都有重要不同。该火星极光局限于一个点上，显然与由“火星全球勘探者”所发现和测绘的地壳磁场有联系。这个磁场是现在已经不存在的一个内在的古老磁场的残留物。
“卡西尼” 新拍摄的“土卫六”图片
土星最大的卫星“土卫六”表面有一层致密的、富含甲烷的大气，使得人们无法在可见光波段对其进行高分辨率成像。在其去年10月首次掠过“土卫六”时，“卡西尼”飞船的“可见和红外绘图光谱仪”（VIMS）得以能够揭示“土卫六”表面的详细情况，其结果报告在本期的Nature杂志上。“土卫六”表面上引人注目的特征包括一个直径为30公里的环形结构，它被认为是一个低温圆顶结构。这可能是火山形成的，如果是的话，那么它也许能解释“土卫六”的大气中的甲烷是怎样补充的。
第一个热自持微型氧化物燃料电池
固体氧化物燃料电池不适合为小型便携式设备提供电力，主要是因为如果将电池做小的话，它们需要输入热量来维持其工作。现在，一种新的燃料电池设计方法正好解决了这一问题，采用这种总方法做成了第一个热自持微型氧化物燃料电池。在这个电池中，热量是由正极发生的氧化反应提供的。该电池能够实现很好的能量密度，其证明就是，它已经成功地驱动了一台MP3播放机。
闪电的故事
云层到地面的闪电是全球电路中人们熟悉的一个特征，上层和下层大气通过它发生相互作用。研究得比较少的是雷雨云之上、直达地球大气层中带电区域（即电离层）的电流。在这里进行的测量很少，因为它在飞机飞行的高度之上，又在宇宙飞船飞行的高度之下，但探测电离层中射电脉冲反射的一种遥感方法现在能够填补这一空白。当零星的电离层的E-层在雷雨期间被用到时，可看到E-层在闪电的诱导下得到增强，这让我们有机会看到电荷转移机制正在发生作用的那个瞬间。
计算年龄的新方法
传统的计算年龄的方法是计算自出生以来的年数。但随着寿命的延长，对决策的很多方面来说，按死亡之前剩余的年数来算年龄、或按寿命延长的比例来算年龄也是重要的。Nature杂志上“The end of world population growth”这篇论文（Nature 412, 543-545; 2001）（该论文在影响人口预测方面很有影响力）的作者中的两位，Warren C. Sanderson和 Segei Scherbov，将他们的注意力转向了老龄化的这个方面。他们提出了一种计算年龄的新方式，即按预期剩余寿命经过标准化处理的人口的中值年龄来计算。德国、日本和美国等发达国家的人口按照中值年龄来算正在变老，但在近期，按照这种新算法，它们会经历人口变年轻的时期。这个结果对于医疗成本、退休和资本积累等问题来说有参考价值。
氮从“丛枝菌根真菌”向寄主植物的转移机制
氮从大多数陆地植物根上的“丛枝菌根真菌”向寄主植物的转移的一种以前人们不知道的机制的发现表明，这种共生关系在全球氮循环中可能是一个比我们以前所认为的重要得多的因素。该机制涉及根外面的真菌对无机氮的吸收、在真菌内转化成氨基酸、然后作为铵离子从真菌的菌丝体转移进植物中。（Letter p. 819）“丛枝菌根真菌”识别寄主过程中的的第一件事被认为是菌丝分枝。现在，从“百脉根”分离出的一种Strigolactone（5-deoxy-strigol）被发现是诱发分枝的物质。Strigolactones是根代谢物，以前是作为根寄生杂草的种子发芽促进剂被分离出来的。现在的这一发现突出显示了植物和真菌之间的密切关系，也许还能为农业和自然生态系统中有益真菌共生体和破坏性寄生杂草的控制提供一个新战略。（Letter p. 824; News and Views）
癌症中“微RNA”的情况
“微RNA”是调节性的、非编码的RNA，约有22个核苷酸长，在人类中已经发现了200多种，它们的功能也正在被搞清楚。曾有人提出，像其他调节性分子一样，它们也许也参与肿瘤的形成，本期Nature上的3篇论文证实，事实的确是这样。研究表明，一组被称为miR17-92 的“微RNA” 是潜在的致癌基因。研究人员是通过其在人类B-细胞淋巴瘤的一种活体模型种的作用中得出这一结论的（Letter p. 828）。人类第13号染色体上的一组“微RNA”被发现是由c-Myc调节的，它是一种重要的转录因子，在很多人类癌症中都过度表达（Letter p. 839）。对300多人的“微RNA”的表达情况所做的一个分析表明，“微RNA”的情况在癌症诊断中可能是有价值的。在肿瘤中，“微RNA”的表达被普遍降低；“微RNA”的情况还可能反映肿瘤的起源和分化状态。（Letter p. 834; News and Views）
本期目录：
Editorials
All or nothing at Fermilab p713
These days, it takes a brave laboratory to hitch its future to the construction of a brand-new particle accelerator — but Fermilab has elected to do just that.
doi: 10.1038/435713a
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Kyoto — the sequel p713
Better knowledge of the carbon cycle could provide a basis for future climate-change agreements.
doi: 10.1038/435713b
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Talent worth nurturing p714
More should be done to draw people with disabilities into scientific careers.
doi: 10.1038/435714a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p716
doi: 10.1038/435716a
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Top of pageNews
Chemistry society goes head to head with NIH in fight over public database p718
Free molecule registry triggers the wrath of a larger, fee-based effort.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/435718a
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One in three scientists confesses to having sinned p718
Misconduct ranges from faking results outright to dropping suspect data points.
Meredith Wadman
doi: 10.1038/435718b
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Blue Brain boots up to mixed response p720
Swiss supercomputer faces brainy task of modelling neural circuits.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/435720a
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Europe halts decisions on stem-cell patents p720
Ethical concerns put applications on hold indefinitely.
Sonja Schubert
doi: 10.1038/435720b
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Soap opera reaps prize for its clean message p723
Radio programme entertains but also educates about sustainable farming practices.
Jessica Ebert
doi: 10.1038/435723a
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Snapshot: Sunlight on an icy martian crater p723
First three-dimensional colour image reveals a frozen wonder.
doi: 10.1038/435723b
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Sidelines p724
doi: 10.1038/435724a
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Pall hangs over desert's future as alien weeds fuel wildfires p724
Invasive species add to fire risk in Sonoran ecosystem.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/435724b
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Evolutionist row makes museum ditch donation p725
But intelligent-design group will show movie on Smithsonian premises.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi: 10.1038/435725a
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News in brief p726
doi: 10.1038/435726a
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Correction p726
doi: 10.1038/435726b
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Top of pageNews Features
Fermilab: High-risk physics p728
In the world of billion-dollar particle physics, one lab is taking an enormous gamble on its future. Geoff Brumfiel takes a look at Fermilab's hopes to host the next big machine.
doi: 10.1038/435728a
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Space physiology: Lie back and think of science p730
Twelve women have taken to bed for two months in the name of space research. Nicola Jones joins them for a few days, and asks what physiologists hope to learn from this marathon lie-in.
doi: 10.1038/435730a
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Climate change: That sinking feeling p732
Siberia's vast forests absorb huge quantities of carbon from the atmosphere. But how much, and will they continue to do so in a warming world? Quirin Schiermeier speaks to the carbon accountants.
doi: 10.1038/435732a
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Top of pageBusiness
Touched by an angel p734
Looking for a fairy godmother to back a brilliant business idea? As Tony Reichhardt reports, a group of them probably meets for breakfast once a month at a hotel near you.
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/435734a
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In brief p735
doi: 10.1038/435735a
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Market watch p735
doi: 10.1038/435735b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Controls on exports will defend security, without harming labs p736
Peter Lichtenbaum
doi: 10.1038/435736a
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Veracity of raw images can also come into question p736
Jeremy Adler
doi: 10.1038/435736b
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Academic boycott would damage chances for peace p736
John R. Cohn
doi: 10.1038/435736c
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A boycott could do good in Israel, as in South Africa p736
Rita Giacaman, Jacqueline Sfeir and Ismat al-Shakhshir
doi: 10.1038/435736d
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Top of pageCommentary
Scientists behaving badly p737
To protect the integrity of science, we must look beyond falsification, fabrication and plagiarism, to a wider range of questionable research practices, argue Brian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson and Raymond de Vries.
doi: 10.1038/435737a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Born to greatness? p739
Staking a claim in history for one of the driving forces behind quantum mechanics.
Kurt Gottfried reviews The End of the Certain World: The Life and Science of Max Born by Nancy Thorndike Greenspan
doi: 10.1038/435739a
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Acting on instinct p740
Johan J. Bolhuis reviews Patterns of Behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology by Richard W. Burkhardt, Jr
doi: 10.1038/435740a
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Dance: Einstein in motion p741
Alison Wright reviews
doi: 10.1038/435741a
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Top of pageEssay
Physics, complexity and causality p743
Although the laws of physics explain much of the world around us, we still do not have a realistic description of causality in truly complex hierarchical structures.
George F. R. Ellis
doi: 10.1038/435743a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Cancer genomics: Small RNAs with big impacts p745
Although they are tiny, microRNAs can have large-scale effects because they regulate a variety of genes. These minuscule molecules are now definitively linked to the development of cancer.
Paul S. Meltzer
doi: 10.1038/435745a
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Organic chemistry: Fast reactions 'on water' p746
Efficient reactions in aqueous organic chemistry do not require soluble reactants, as had been thought. A newly developed 'on-water' protocol is characterized by short reaction times, and the products are easy to isolate.
Jaap E. Klijn and Jan B. F. N. Engberts
doi: 10.1038/435746a
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Structural biology: Prying into prions p747
Various aberrant protein forms are the subject of intense research. It is not easy to probe their structures, but studies that have done so provide telling information about their biological properties.
Christopher M. Dobson
doi: 10.1038/435747a
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50 and 100 years ago p748
doi: 10.1038/435748a
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Planetary science: Shades of Titan p749
Instruments aboard the Cassini spacecraft can 'see' through the dense atmosphere of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. Returned images hint at the existence of features such as ridges and valleys, and perhaps an icy volcano.
Louise Prockter
doi: 10.1038/435749a
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Plant?fungal associations: Cue for the branching connection p750
Plant roots release potent molecules that activate symbiotic fungi and initiate a harmonious relationship. It turns out that the same compounds are detected by parasitic weeds for less benign purposes.
Martin Parniske
doi: 10.1038/435750a
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Computational science: Can get satisfaction p751
The sheer complexity of some computational problems means they will probably never be solved, despite the ever-increasing resources available. But we can sometimes predict under what conditions solutions exist.
Carla P. Gomes and Bart Selman
doi: 10.1038/435751a
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Cancer: Inflammation by remote control p752
Smouldering beneath many latent tumours is a chronic inflammation that goads pre-malignant cells into becoming full-blown cancer. The spark that kindles these flames comes from an unexpected source.
Alberto Mantovani
doi: 10.1038/435752a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Brevetoxicosis: Red tides and marine mammal mortalities p755
Unexpected brevetoxin vectors may account for deaths long after or remote from an algal bloom.
Leanne J. Flewelling, Jerome P. Naar, Jay P. Abbott, Daniel G. Baden, Nélio B. Barros, Gregory D. Bossart, Marie-Yasmine D. Bottein, Daniel G. Hammond, Elsa M. Haubold, Cynthia A. Heil, Michael S. Henry, Henry M. Jacocks, Tod A. Leighfield, Richard H. Pierce, Thomas D. Pitchford, Sentiel A. Rommel, Paula S. Scott, Karen A. Steidinger, Earnest W. Truby, Frances M. Van Dolah and Jan H. Landsberg
doi: 10.1038/nature435755a
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Seismology: Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench p756
Suleyman S. Nalbant, Sandy Steacy, Kerry Sieh, Danny Natawidjaja and John McCloskey
doi: 10.1038/nature435756a
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Plant biochemistry: Anthocyanin biosynthesis in roses p757
Jun Ogata, Yoshiaki Kanno, Yoshio Itoh, Hidehito Tsugawa and Masahiko Suzuki
doi: 10.1038/nature435757a
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Top of pageArticles
Rigorous location of phase transitions in hard optimization problems p759
Dimitris Achlioptas, Assaf Naor and Yuval Peres
doi: 10.1038/nature03602
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (221K)
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Gomes & Selman
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Structural insights into a yeast prion illuminate nucleation and strain diversity p765
Rajaraman Krishnan and Susan L. Lindquist
doi: 10.1038/nature03679
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (466K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Dobson
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Structure of the cross- spine of amyloid-like fibrils p773
Rebecca Nelson, Michael R. Sawaya, Melinda Balbirnie, Anders ?. Madsen, Christian Riekel, Robert Grothe and David Eisenberg
doi: 10.1038/nature03680
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (310K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Dobson
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The structure of the myosin VI motor reveals the mechanism of directionality reversal p779
Julie Ménétrey, Amel Bahloul, Amber L. Wells, Christopher M. Yengo, Carl A. Morris, H. Lee Sweeney and Anne Houdusse
doi: 10.1038/nature03592
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (566K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
Release of volatiles from a possible cryovolcano from near-infrared imaging of Titan p786
C. Sotin, R. Jaumann, B. J. Buratti, R. H. Brown, R. N. Clark, L. A. Soderblom, K. H. Baines, G. Bellucci, J.-P. Bibring, F. Capaccioni, P. Cerroni, M. Combes, A. Coradini, D. P. Cruikshank, P. Drossart, V. Formisano, Y. Langevin, D. L. Matson, T. B. McCord, R. M. Nelson, P. D. Nicholson, B. Sicardy, S. LeMouelic, S. Rodriguez, K. Stephan and C. K. Scholz
doi: 10.1038/nature03596
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Discovery of an aurora on Mars p790
Jean-Loup Bertaux, Fran?ois Leblanc, Olivier Witasse, Eric Quemerais, Jean Lilensten, S. A. Stern, B. Sandel and Oleg Korablev
doi: 10.1038/nature03603
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (385K)
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A thermally self-sustained micro solid-oxide fuel-cell stack with high power density p795
Zongping Shao, Sossina M. Haile, Jeongmin Ahn, Paul D. Ronney, Zhongliang Zhan and Scott A. Barnett
doi: 10.1038/nature03673
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (413K) | Supplementary information
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Lightning-induced intensification of the ionospheric sporadic E layer p799
C. J. Davis and C. G. Johnson
doi: 10.1038/nature03638
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Geomagnetic dipole strength and reversal rate over the past two million years p802
Jean-Pierre Valet, Laure Meynadier and Yohan Guyodo
doi: 10.1038/nature03674
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Effects of species and functional group loss on island ecosystem properties p806
David A. Wardle and Olle Zackrisson
doi: 10.1038/nature03611
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Average remaining lifetimes can increase as human populations age p811
Warren C. Sanderson and Sergei Scherbov
doi: 10.1038/nature03593
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Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society p814
Gergely Palla, Imre Derényi, Illés Farkas and Tamás Vicsek
doi: 10.1038/nature03607
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Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis p819
Manjula Govindarajulu, Philip E. Pfeffer, Hairu Jin, Jehad Abubaker, David D. Douds, James W. Allen, Heike Bücking, Peter J. Lammers and Yair Shachar-Hill
doi: 10.1038/nature03610
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Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi p824
Kohki Akiyama, Ken-ichi Matsuzaki and Hideo Hayashi
doi: 10.1038/nature03608
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (246K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Parniske
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A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene p828
Lin He, J. Michael Thomson, Michael T. Hemann, Eva Hernando-Monge, David Mu, Summer Goodson, Scott Powers, Carlos Cordon-Cardo, Scott W. Lowe, Gregory J. Hannon and Scott M. Hammond
doi: 10.1038/nature03552
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (460K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Meltzer
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MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers p834
Jun Lu, Gad Getz, Eric A. Miska, Ezequiel Alvarez-Saavedra, Justin Lamb, David Peck, Alejandro Sweet-Cordero, Benjamin L. Ebert, Raymond H. Mak, Adolfo A. Ferrando, James R. Downing, Tyler Jacks, H. Robert Horvitz and Todd R. Golub
doi: 10.1038/nature03702
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (293K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Meltzer
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c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression p839
Kathryn A. O'Donnell, Erik A. Wentzel, Karen I. Zeller, Chi V. Dang and Joshua T. Mendell
doi: 10.1038/nature03677
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (339K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Meltzer
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Correlation of structural elements and infectivity of the HET-s prion p844
Christiane Ritter, Marie-Lise Maddelein, Ansgar B. Siemer, Thorsten Lührs, Matthias Ernst, Beat H. Meier, Sven J. Saupe and Roland Riek
doi: 10.1038/nature03793
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (936K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
French lessons p849
New postdoc award promotes collaboration between North American and French biotech
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7043-849a
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Postdocs and Students
Getting schooled p850
To juggle teaching and research, classroom veterans advise beginners to draw on mentors and all the resources they can find. Kendall Powell learns about the balancing act.
Kendall Powell
doi: 10.1038/nj7043-850a
Full Text | PDF (446K)
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Top of pageFutures
Looking for Mr Goodbug p854
Will work for food.
Elisabeth Malartre
doi: 10.1038/435854a
Full Text | PDF (159K)
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