| 2005年05月26日 Nature中文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛
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|  | Volume 435 Number 7041 pp385-536
封面故事：下一次世界范围流感爆发是何时？
上次世界范围的流感爆发到现在已经快40年了，虽然这种事情并不是按一定的时间表发生的，但很多人都认为，下一次世界范围的流感爆发只是一个时间问题，而且所剩时间也并不是很多。1997、1998、2002和2003年香港爆发了禽流感，而且禽流感还在亚洲的家禽中继续蔓延。现在，在公共卫生方面，除了应对禽流感问题外，还要对下一次全世界流感爆发有所准备。在本期Nature上，一系列新闻特写和评论文章对当今人们最为关注的问题之一进行了探讨：第399页是一篇概述，第385页是一篇社评。封面照片：2003年禽流感爆发期间上海一辆公交车采取预防措施。
人类肉眼的搜索能力
肉眼搜索会是极为重要的，如在行李中搜索刀具或在乳房X光片中搜索肿瘤等。这些都是对稀有目标的肉眼搜索，在一项研究中，研究人员对试验对象在一个人工行李检查任务的高概率和低概率版本上的表现进行了比较，结果表明，我们人类在稀有目标肉眼搜索上的表现之差让人不安。从其他类别的对象中寻找“工具”的观察者，不仅经常（频度相当大）找不到他们要找的东西，而且经常在要找的东西真的出现时未能发现。
植物生长素受体TIR1
1880年，Charles 和Frances Darwin出版了The Power of Movement in Plants，书中描述了一个移动信号是怎样控制植物枝条朝向光线弯曲的。这种移动信号在上个世纪20年代作为植物生长素被发现，它是植物生长大多数方面的关键调节物质。植物生长素早就是生物学教科书中的一个固定内容，所以当您知道植物生长素受体的身份此前一直不为人们所知时也许会感到吃惊。现在，两个独立的研究小组发现，拟南芥的F-box蛋白TIR1是一个植物生长素受体。F-box蛋白在真核生物中的作用是，对调节蛋白进行降解，这种作用依靠信号进行。
关于太阳系巨型行星的3个疑问
本期Nature上有3篇论文是关于3个看起来不相关的行星现象的，它们在太阳系动态问题上实现了相当大的统一。所研究的3个问题分别是巨型行星难以解释的轨道问题、木星的“特洛伊”小行星的轨道的演化问题、以及在这些行星形成之后大约7亿年使月球表面布满陨石的“Late Heavy Bombardment”事件的原因。按照这一新模型，所有这些事件的关键，是这些巨型行星（土星、木星、海王星和天王星）在太阳系内经过长时间稳定后所发生的迅速迁移。
改善高温超导体颗粒边界性能的机制
在1986年发现高温超导体之后不久，研究人员就已经清楚，这些材料在大体积时的多晶性有一个不幸的后果：这些材料的超导性能因穿过这些界面的临界电流成数量级的减少而受到影响。为消除这种边界层，研究人员做了很多工作。这种边界层是由完美超导颗粒之间几个原子厚度的绝缘层构成的。但最近的一篇研究报告提出，掺杂能使颗粒边界临界电流增强高达一个数量级，从而为YBa2Cu3O71d作为一种高温超导体的实际应用提供了一条简单途径。Klie等人现在对颗粒边界性能的这一重大改善背后所涉及的机制在原子尺度上做了描述。这项工作为合适的掺杂物的选择首次提供了合理的指导。
树袋熊选食桉树叶的本领
桉树叶子中的油对很多哺乳动物是有毒的，这可能是针对食草动物的一种防护。然而树袋熊以桉树为食，很少吃别的东西。对菲利浦岛上保护区内的树袋熊所做的一项为期10年的研究工作，使人们清楚了树袋熊所选择的生境的高度专一性和其对环境破坏的脆弱性。树的大小是树袋熊是否到一棵树上去吃树叶的主要影响因素，但特定的二级代谢物毒素的浓度也是一个因素。树袋熊可以吃它们的竞争对手躲避的叶子，但其饮食的选择非常有限，而且它们会避开那些含有特别不好的化合物的树。
通过控制牛的迁移来控制疾病
英国政府2001年成立了一个名为“英国牛运动服务”（BCMS）的机构，识别和跟踪风牛病危机后每一头牛。BCMS当初并不是想成为一个控制“口蹄疫”等快速传播疾病的疾病控制支持系统，但现在，这一宝贵的档案在一项对一种传播较慢的疾病“牛肺结核”的研究中证明了其价值。这种病在欧洲很多地方流行。牛运动数据相当肯定地表明，被感染的动物的运动是将肺结核引入新地区的支配性因素。因此，限制牛从被感染地区向远方迁移可考虑成为一项疾病控制措施。
治疗动脉硬化症的新思路
冠心病是工业化社会中最常见的死因，但只有一半病例确定了病因。一些未能解释的病例可能是由本期Nature报告的一种以前没有识别出来的机制造成的，即血管壁的低效代谢。该发现是在小鼠身上获得的，在小鼠体内，平滑肌细胞（动脉壁中最丰富的细胞类型）中的“呼吸解偶联作用”引起高血压和由饮食诱导的动脉硬化。这些实验条件与线粒体功能失常所产生的状况是一样的。因此，设计用来增强血管中代谢的药理和营养配方，也许可考虑用来治疗动脉硬化症。
“长春碱” 的X-射线结构
人们知道，抗肿瘤药物“长春碱”是以微管亚单元蛋白“微管蛋白”为作用目标的，其实际结合点和作用机制却不知道。但现在，研究人员已经确定了结合在一个“微管蛋白/蛋白”复合体中的“长春碱”的X-射线结构。“长春碱”在两个“微管蛋白”分子的连接处引入一个楔子，借助这个楔子干涉微管生产，反过来促进“微管蛋白”分子自我连接、形成螺旋形聚合体。阿尔法“微管蛋白”表面上的一个憎水槽既是“长春碱”的一个结合点，又是微管中分子间的一个接触点，所以可能是新型微管解聚药物的一个有吸引力的候选对象。
人类“伽马-微管蛋白”的晶体结构
“微管蛋白”在真核细胞生命中扮演一个中心角色。“异二聚阿尔法/贝塔-微管蛋白”以一种依赖于GTP的方式聚合，形成染色体分离和细胞器定位所需的微管。在活体中，需要“伽马-微管蛋白”来启动微管组装，该蛋白也是中心体上一个多聚复合体的构成部分。本期Nature报告了结合在GTP?S上的人类“伽马-微管蛋白”的晶体结构，分辨率为2.7埃，这是迄今所有“微管蛋白”中分辨率最高的结构。该结构为我们提供了关于微管聚合体中构形变化和核苷结合的新思路。
新的自免疫小鼠模型
在对小鼠基因组进行系统筛选、寻找产生自身抗体的基因的工作中，研究人员发现了一个新的自免疫小鼠模型，它是在出生后自然形成的。这些被称为“Sanroque”的小鼠有一个未曾料到的自容忍机制，涉及一个亚组的T-细胞，它们是在免疫激发的后期在胚胎中出现的。所涉及的基因存在于脊椎动物、果蝇和线虫中，所以可能在发育中还有其他一些功能。
本期目录：
Editorials
On a wing and a prayer p385
This issue's focus on avian flu highlights progress and incoherence in the world's response to a potential human pandemic. But the threat is enormous, and some priorities are clear enough.
doi: 10.1038/435385a
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Europe's constitution p386
Referenda next week could derail the European project — with negative consequences for science.
doi: 10.1038/435386a
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Chemical biology is here p386
Nature and its new sibling Nature Chemical Biology reflect an important multidisciplinary trend.
doi: 10.1038/435386b
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p388
doi: 10.1038/435388a
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Top of pageNews
Bird flu spreads among Java's pigs p390
Indonesian government scrambles to track disease.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/435390a
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Ecologist's tenure hailed as triumph for academic freedom p390
Decision caps years of free-speech challenges.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/435390b
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UK panel urges animal researchers to go public p392
Scientific openness may defuse general disapproval.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/435392a
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Korea's accelerating stem-cell work prompts calls for global ethical rules p393
Breakthrough highlights differences among countries.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/435393a
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Zambia to wage 'scientific' war on malaria p395
Foundation pledges results within a few years.
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/435395a
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Sidelines p396
doi: 10.1038/435396a
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We'll rain on your parade, forecasters tell rogue pundits p396
Independent weather companies answer to no one.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/435396b
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NIH hints at ethics rule change p397
Owning biomedical stock may not be a problem after all.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/435397a
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News in brief p398
doi: 10.1038/435398a
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Top of pageNews Features
Avian flu special: Avian flu: Are we ready? p399
doi: 10.1038/435399a
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Avian flu special: The flu pandemic: were we ready? p400
Welcome to my weblog. I'm Sally O'Reilly, a freelance journalist based in Washington DC. I've been researching a book on pandemic preparedness. But now the time for preparation has run out.
doi: 10.1038/435400a
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Avian flu special: Is this our best shot? p404
We have the means to make a vaccine against pandemic flu. But quarrels over money, science and politics mean it could come too late, says Erika Check.
doi: 10.1038/435404a
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Avian flu special: What's in the medicine cabinet? p407
Drugs that could lessen the death toll in a flu pandemic do exist. But global stockpiles are too small, and the countries at most immediate risk are among the worst prepared. Alison Abbott reports.
doi: 10.1038/435407a
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Top of pageBusiness
Wall Street's gradual green revolution p410
Companies and investors are starting to wake up to the powerful impact that global warming could have on their bottom line. Emma Marris reports.
doi: 10.1038/435410a
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In brief p411
doi: 10.1038/435411a
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Market watch p411
doi: 10.1038/435411b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Scientists need back-up by climate organizations p413
Christian K?rner, Heinz Wanner and Christoph Ritz
doi: 10.1038/435413a
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Love of nature led Beuys to new artistic language p413
Pete Jeffs
doi: 10.1038/435413b
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Head of Lorenz Institute is not to blame for delays p413
Friedrich G. Barth
doi: 10.1038/435413c
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Top of pageCommentaries
Controlling avian flu at the source p415
Global agricultural authorities should harmonize with the public-health sector to ensure the exchange of flu virus samples, and establish a single international standard for vaccines, say Robert Webster and Diane Hulse.
doi: 10.1038/435415a
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A weapon the world needs p417
Both bottom-up and top-down planning is needed to prevent a global economic disaster. Michael T. Osterholm calls for action at all levels.
doi: 10.1038/435417a
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Global task force for influenza p419
Early detection and rapid response to bird flu, on a global scale, will drastically cut the costs of dealing with a full-blown human flu pandemic, argue Ron Fouchier, Thijs Kuiken, Guus Rimmelzwaan and Albert Osterhaus.
doi: 10.1038/435419a
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Is China prepared for microbial threats? p421
There is no bigger acute microbial threat to China, and to the rest of the world, than an influenza pandemic, and no better time to prepare for this eventuality than now. David Ho asks what more China could be doing.
doi: 10.1038/435421a
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Race against time p423
A committed, transparent research effort into the detection, prevention and treatment of bird flu is now critical. Anthony S. Fauci presents the questions that need answers.
doi: 10.1038/435423a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
A change of mind? p425
Putting evolutionary psychology to the test.
Oliver Curry reviews Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology and the Persistent Quest for Human Nature by David J. Buller
doi: 10.1038/435425a
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Exhibition: Engineering space-time p426
Alison Abbott reviews
doi: 10.1038/435426a
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Einstein Books: More on Einstein p427
doi: 10.1038/435427a
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A braver, newer world p427
Justine Burley reviews Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro
doi: 10.1038/435427b
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Beating heart disease p428
Peter Sleight reviews A Change of Heart: How the People of Framingham, Massachusetts, Helped Unravel the Mysteries of Cardiovascular Disease by Daniel Levy and Susan Brink
doi: 10.1038/435428a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
The great chain of being p429
Our persistence in placing ourselves at the top of the Great Chain of Being suggests we have some deep psychological need to see ourselves as the culmination of creation.
Sean Nee
doi: 10.1038/435429a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Epidemiology: Dangers of moving cows p431
The movement of cattle around the country, and the presence of badgers, are both implicated in the high incidence of bovine tuberculosis in Britain. The problem may get even worse in the near future.
Mark E. J. Woolhouse
doi: 10.1038/435431a
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Planetary science: When giants roamed p432
An early epoch of planetary migration could explain the current orbits of the giant planets, the origin of Jupiter's Trojans, and an intense bombardment of the early Solar System with a shower of asteroids and comets.
Joe Hahn
doi: 10.1038/435432a
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Developmental biology: A blank canvas no more p433
Embryonic cells learn their fate early in development. Discovery of a factor that controls the development of one embryonic tissue, the ectoderm, highlights a mechanism that might also influence the growth of cancer cells.
Yoshiki Sasai
doi: 10.1038/435433a
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Ultrafast science: Molecular structure in an instant p435
The observation that there is interference between a laser-induced electron wave and a single molecule means that it may be possible to image changes in molecular structure with a sub-femtosecond resolution.
Jonathan P. Marangos
doi: 10.1038/435435a
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100 and 50 years ago p436
doi: 10.1038/435436a
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Plant biology: Auxin action p436
Farmers and gardeners have long taken advantage of the growth-altering properties of the plant hormone auxin. The discovery of the elusive auxin receptor hints at how plant cells 'sense' and respond to this protein.
Judy Callis
doi: 10.1038/435436b
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Particle physics: Electrons are not ambidextrous p437
The best low-energy measurement yet obtained of the electroweak mixing angle — a central parameter of the standard model of particle physics — is the last hurrah for Stanford's powerful two-mile linear accelerator.
Andrzej Czarnecki and William J. Marciano
doi: 10.1038/435437a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Cognitive psychology: Rare items often missed in visual searches p439
Errors in spotting key targets soar alarmingly if they appear only infrequently during screening.
Jeremy M. Wolfe, Todd S. Horowitz and Naomi M. Kenner
doi: 10.1038/435439a
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (203K) | Supplementary information
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Bose?Einstein condensates: Microscopic magnetic-field imaging p440
Stephan Wildermuth, Sebastian Hofferberth, Igor Lesanovsky, Elmar Haller, L. Mauritz Andersson, S?nke Groth, Israel Bar-Joseph, Peter Krüger and J?rg Schmiedmayer
doi: 10.1038/435440a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Water Behaviour: Glass transition in hyperquenched water? pE1
Ingrid Kohl, Luis Bachmann, Erwin Mayer, Andreas Hallbrucker and Thomas Loerting
doi: 10.1038/nature03707
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Water behaviour: Glass transition in hyperquenched water? (reply) pE1
Yuanzheng Yue and C. Austen Angell
doi: 10.1038/nature03708
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Top of pageArticles
The F-box protein TIR1 is an auxin receptor p441
Nihal Dharmasiri, Sunethra Dharmasiri and Mark Estelle
doi: 10.1038/nature03543
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (499K)
See also: News and Views by Callis
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The Arabidopsis F-box protein TIR1 is an auxin receptor p446
Stefan Kepinski and Ottoline Leyser
doi: 10.1038/nature03542
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (279K)
See also: News and Views by Callis
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A RING-type ubiquitin ligase family member required to repress follicular helper T cells and autoimmunity p452
Carola G. Vinuesa, Matthew C. Cook, Constanza Angelucci, Vicki Athanasopoulos, Lixin Rui, Kim M. Hill, Di Yu, Heather Domaschenz, Belinda Whittle, Teresa Lambe, Ian S. Roberts, Richard R. Copley, John I. Bell, Richard J. Cornall and Christopher C. Goodnow
doi: 10.1038/nature03555
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (692K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
Origin of the orbital architecture of the giant planets of the Solar System p459
K. Tsiganis, R. Gomes, A. Morbidelli and H. F. Levison
doi: 10.1038/nature03539
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (329K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Hahn
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Chaotic capture of Jupiter's Trojan asteroids in the early Solar System p462
A. Morbidelli, H. F. Levison, K. Tsiganis and R. Gomes
doi: 10.1038/nature03540
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (187K)
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Hahn
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Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets p466
R. Gomes, H. F. Levison, K. Tsiganis and A. Morbidelli
doi: 10.1038/nature03676
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (1,388K)
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Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules p470
Tsuneto Kanai, Shinichirou Minemoto and Hirofumi Sakai
doi: 10.1038/nature03577
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (519K)
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Enhanced current transport at grain boundaries in high-Tc superconductors p475
R. F. Klie, J. P. Buban, M. Varela, A. Franceschetti, C. Jooss, Y. Zhu, N. D. Browning, S. T. Pantelides and S. J. Pennycook
doi: 10.1038/nature03644
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (220K) | Supplementary information
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Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals p479
Jennifer C. McElwain, Jessica Wade-Murphy and Stephen P. Hesselbo
doi: 10.1038/nature03618
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Seismological evidence for mosaic structure of the surface of the Earth's inner core p483
Dmitry N. Krasnoshchekov, Peter B. Kaazik and Vladimir M. Ovtchinnikov
doi: 10.1038/nature03613
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Tree use by koalas in a chemically complex landscape p488
Ben D. Moore and William J. Foley
doi: 10.1038/nature03551
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (214K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain p491
M. Gilbert, A. Mitchell, D. Bourn, J. Mawdsley, R. Clifton-Hadley and W. Wint
doi: 10.1038/nature03548
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (364K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Woolhouse
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Allosteric modulation of the presynaptic Ca2+ sensor for vesicle fusion p497
Xuelin Lou, Volker Scheuss and Ralf Schneggenburger
doi: 10.1038/nature03568
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Vascular respiratory uncoupling increases blood pressure and atherosclerosis p502
Carlos Bernal-Mizrachi, Allison C. Gates, Sherry Weng, Takuji Imamura, Russell H. Knutsen, Pascual DeSantis, Trey Coleman, R. Reid Townsend, Louis J. Muglia and Clay F. Semenkovich
doi: 10.1038/nature03527
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (375K) | Supplementary information
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Polo kinase links the stress pathway to cell cycle control and tip growth in fission yeast p507
Janni Petersen and Iain M. Hagan
doi: 10.1038/nature03590
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Structural and mechanistic insights into the interaction between Rho and mammalian Dia p513
R. Rose, M. Weyand, M. Lammers, T. Ishizaki, M. R. Ahmadian and A. Wittinghofer
doi: 10.1038/nature03604
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Structural basis for the regulation of tubulin by vinblastine p519
Beno?t Gigant, Chunguang Wang, Raimond B. G. Ravelli, Fanny Roussi, Michel O. Steinmetz, Patrick A. Curmi, André Sobel and Marcel Knossow
doi: 10.1038/nature03566
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (294K) | Supplementary information
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Insights into microtubule nucleation from the crystal structure of human -tubulin p523
Hector Aldaz, Luke M. Rice, Tim Stearns and David A. Agard
doi: 10.1038/nature03586
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (396K) | Supplementary information
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Erratum: Foreshock sequences and short-term earthquake predictability on East Pacific Rise transform faults p528
Jeffrey J. McGuire, Margaret S. Boettcher and Thomas H. Jordan
doi: 10.1038/nature03621
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Corrigendum: Low dose oral cannabinoid therapy reduces progression of atherosclerosis in mice p528
Sabine Steffens, Niels R. Veillard, Claire Arnaud, Graziano Pelli, Fabienne Burger, Christian Staub, Meliha Karsak, Andreas Zimmer, Jean-Louis Frossard and Fran?ois Mach
doi: 10.1038/nature03655
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Corrigendum: A universal trend of amino acid gain and loss in protein evolution p528
I. King Jordan, Fyodor A. Kondrashov, Ivan A. Adzhubei, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, Alexey S. Kondrashov and Shamil Sunyaev
doi: 10.1038/nature03656
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Erratum: Reduction of hysteresis losses in the magnetic refrigerant Gd5Ge2Si2 by the addition of iron p528
Virgil Provenzano, Alexander J. Shapiro and Robert D. Shull
doi: 10.1038/nature03683
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Erratum: Ecological constraints on diversification in a model adaptive radiation p528
Rees Kassen, Martin Llewellyn and Paul B. Rainey
doi: 10.1038/nature03684
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Attractive information p529
Some suggestions to promote international scientists in the United States could be more broadly applied.
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7041-529a
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Careers and Recruitment
Gene therapy rising? p530
Once hyped, gene therapy still holds promise as an effective method for treating a variety of diseases. On the road to fulfilling that expectation, opportunities exist for young scientists who are excited by a still-emerging field, says Hannah Hoag.
Hannah Hoag
doi: 10.1038/nj7041-530a
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Region
Small is beautiful p532
Switzerland is proving that small countries can make a big impression in science. It is recruiting some of the brightest young researchers from all over the world and convincing them to stay, says Quirin Schiermeier.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/nj7041-532a
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Career Views
Movers p534
Bioinformatician bridges maths and life sciences
Steven Salzberg
doi: 10.1038/nj7041-534a
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Recruiters & Academia p534
Academics worry about hiring "undiscovered geniuses"
Wendy M. Williams and Stephen J. Ceci
doi: 10.1038/nj7041-534b
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Graduate Journal: Breaking the ice p534
Student beats nerves to turn a poster into a presentation
Karolina Tkaczuk
doi: 10.1038/nj7041-534c
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Spotlight
Spotlight on Switzerland
doi: 10.1038/nj0071
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Top of pageFutures
New hope for the dead p536
Don't take this lying down!
David Langford
doi: 10.1038/435536a
Full Text | PDF (156K)
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