| 2005年05月19日 Nature中文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛
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|  | Volume 435 Number 7040 pp247-384
封面故事：让公众了解地震信息
在准确预测某一次地震方面所存在的困难，经常抹杀研究地震发生概率的地震学家所取得的进展。现在，有一种新方法能使公众及时了解地震学家的新发现。研究人员在为美国加州开发一个新的短期地震预测系统的同时，还创建了一个新网站（），这个网站提供关于24小时内加州任何地方发生强震的概率大小的信息。该方法结合了基于断层数据和历史地震的一个地震发生模型和一个本地地震簇模型，所获得的预测结果将使公众、媒体和应急规划人员能够更好了解地震危险每天的变化。封面图片：1906年地震后旧金山的一条街。
睾丸癌
Ter睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤易感性基因是30多年前首次描述的，但直到现在该基因本身的身份才被发现。Ter是一种点突变，能诱发小鼠“死胡同基因”（该基因是从斑马鱼胚胎中知道的）上的终止密码子。该突变基因编码一种能识别RNA的蛋白，从而将RNA生物学牵涉进了睾丸肿瘤的发育当中。
红色为雄性颜色？
红色是恒河猴、山魈(西非洲产的大狒狒)与几种鱼类和鸟类所选择的表示雄性素质的一种标志色。在某些情况下，通过人为办法来增强其所显示的红色能够增强一个雄性个体的支配地位。支持“Red Sox”、“曼联”、“佩鲁贾”、“法拉利”和其他“红色”球队或车队的人将会很高兴地发现，人类似乎也存在一种类似的效应。在2004年奥运会的一系列搏击项目中，穿红色总是与获胜概率较高联系在一起。也许性别选择影响了人类对颜色响应的演化。在体育运动中是否应将运动服的颜色考虑进去来保证公平竞赛呢？
能走动的驱动蛋白
驱动蛋白分子马达是纳米尺度的分子机器，是细胞内大规模自组装的主要物质。驱动蛋白沿名为微管的管道运动，将细胞货物拖曳到它们各种不同的目的地。在利用新改进的光阱技术所进行的一系列研究中，科学家发现驱动蛋白是通过一个行走机制来沿微管运动的，很像一个走钢丝者沿一条钢丝走动一样。本期Nature发表的这项新工作还发现，非常出乎意料的是，驱动蛋白能向后走。一旦一个ATP分子与驱动蛋白连在微管上的一头结合，其另一头似乎要经历一个扩散搜索过程，搜索其下一个结合点，而施加一个负荷会将这种搜索变成向后迈出的一步。
伊朗巴姆地震研究结果
2003年12月26日，伊朗古城巴姆发生的一次强烈地震使4.3万人丧命。欧洲航天局的极地轨道卫星Envisat当时所处位置使其能够对这次地震震中周围地表的位移进行连续观测。雷达数据显示，该地震断裂发生在深度为4－5公里的浅层，但地表没有破裂。Envisat卫星的数据还解决了一个存在激烈争论的问题，即“浅层滑动不足”，是从以前的研究中推断出来的。这种不足是真实的，是由地震间隔期浅层地壳的分布失败造成的。该结论对于我们了解地震过程、以及在实用方面对于在地震活跃地区制订建筑防震规范和进行地震风险预测等都具有参考意义。
超高能宇宙射线的来源
超高能宇宙射线的来源是高能天体物理学中最难解的谜之一。没有标准的超新星、脉冲星或黑洞能将粒子加速到如此巨大的能量，所以科学家为这种宇宙射线提出了各种不同的奇异来源。识别其来源的一个障碍是，难以弄清这些宇宙射线中实际存在什么粒子，因为当它们一旦进入地球大气层，它们就会失去其最初身份，产生一场基本粒子雨，以接近光速的速度运动。射电天文学家和粒子物理学家之间进行合作，也许能找出一个了解关于超高能宇宙射线性质和结构的新办法。利用低成本无线电接收器，有可能探测到与大气层中的宇宙射线雨巧合的射电信号。这种辐射可由地球同步辐射效应来解释。随着用射电望远镜和粒子探测器来探测入射宇宙射线工作的进展，它们的结构可能很快就能弄明白。
比铯原子钟稳定性更高的光晶格钟
自从第一个实用的铯原子钟1955年建成以来(由Louis Essen 和 John V. L. Parry建造，在176卷Nature杂志上介绍，页码：280-285)，研究人员一直在寻求提高这种装置的准确性和稳定性。在准确性方面，被束缚的离子具有优势；在稳定性方面，中性原子具有优势。一种被称为光晶格钟的新型装置结合了两种方法的优点，有可能成为下一代原子钟的发展方向。该系统利用束缚在一个光晶格中的原子作为量子参照物，其稳定性有可能比目前用来将秒定义为一个SI单位的铯原子钟高几个数量级。
超小型高速光电调制器
随着电子元件大小不断缩小，它们之间的金属连接物将很快成为其性能的限制因素。所以科学家有兴趣寻找光学连接物来代替金属连接物。最近在硅光学元件方面所取得的进展使得制造芯片上的光学系统的目标更近了一步。然而，光电调制器（光学系统和电子系统之间至关重要的界面）尚未小到足以能做到一个芯片上。不过，研究人员在这方面取得了进展。一组研究人员在本期Nature上报告了一种超小型（直径12微米）高速光电调制器，比以前最小的同类装置小三个数量级。这一结果是用强光束缚结构获得的，这种结构能增强光对于硅的光学性能所发生的变化的灵敏度，还能使高速操作得以进行。
捷克洞穴中古人类化石年代测定结果
在捷克共和国Mladec洞穴中发现的人类化石，是在关于从“穴居人”（Neanderthals）向欧洲早期现代人过渡过程的讨论中涉及很多的内容。虽然这些遗骨一般被认为是属于现代“智人”（Homo sapiens）的，但它们的头骨形态使得人们去猜测它们可能与在其之前出现的“穴居人”在解剖上有联系。现在，我们有了对来自Mladec洞穴的5个人类化石样本所做的首次直接放射性碳年代测定结果。该结果证实，它们是欧洲早期现代人类最古老的“实质性”遗迹。虽然比较结实和不太结实的头骨都是约距今3.1万年，但两种形式可能反映了男性和女性之间的差别，而不是“原始人”（像“穴居人”）和“优雅的”早期现代人之间的差别。
海洋生态系统对环境变化的反应
对突然气候变化和不可逆环境变化的担心来自这样一个观点：复杂自然系统也许会以一种非线形方式对变化做出反应：小的变化也许会在一个生态系统中引起激烈的病理行为。虽然关于大尺度海洋环境是否是在这样一个刀刃上维持平衡的是一个有争论的问题，但对北太平洋中的物理和生物数据来源所做的一个新的评估表明，生物变量表现出人们所担心的“非线性”行为。在实践中，这一结果表明，在海洋生态系统管理中应考虑采取“预防性”措施，如确定保护性渔业资源配额等。
听觉皮层对声音刺激的反应
听觉皮层被认为只对可变声音刺激做出瞬间反应，这与该皮层在处理如人类语言和音乐等复杂声音中所扮演的角色很不相符。现在，这一矛盾可能已经解决。让人们得出关于哺乳动物听觉皮层当前观点的实验是基于对被麻醉的动物所做的研究。对清醒的绒(美洲产小型长尾猴)的听觉皮层所做的新的研究工作表明，该皮层的神经元能够在长时间内持续放电。我们可以想象一个声音画面是如何从这一系统建立起来的：对某些神经元来说，当一种声音是它们想要的刺激时，它们在该声音持续时间内一直放电；而对其他神经元来说，当它们不想要的声音刺激开始之后，它们的反应逐渐减弱。
本期目录：
Editorials
Running out of juice p247
Despite the hype, there's no sign that the Congress will produce an energy bill worthy of the formidable energy-policy challenges faced by the United States.
doi: 10.1038/435247a
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Iran's long march p247
Scientific excellence can re-emerge in Iran, unless there is political upheaval or further sanctions.
doi: 10.1038/435247b
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Policing integrity p248
Plagiarism allegations should serve as reminders that universities cannot police misconduct on their own.
doi: 10.1038/435247c
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p250
doi: 10.1038/435250a
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Top of pageNews
Planet hunters lose out to Hubble rescue p252
NASA belt-tightening endangers future missions.
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/435252a
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Large genomic differences explain our little quirks p252
It's not just individual genes that vary between us all.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/435252b
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Sidelines p253
doi: 10.1038/435253a
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Ethicists urge caution over emotive power of brain scans p254
Images may too easily sway public opinion.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/435254a
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Snapshot: Eureka moment as X-rays slice through forgery p257
doi: 10.1038/435257a
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US aid agency grilled over malaria funds p257
Congress questions where disease-fighting money has gone.
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/435257b
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Special Report: Taking on the cheats p258
The true extent of plagiarism is unknown, but rising cases of suspect submissions are forcing editors to take action. Jim Giles reports.
doi: 10.1038/435258a
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News in brief p260
doi: 10.1038/435260a
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Top of pageNews Features
Iranian neuroscience: The brains trust of Tehran p264
An Islamic theocracy ravaged by economic sanctions isn't an obvious place to seek a vibrant cognitive-neuroscience research group. Yet that's what Alison Abbott found on a recent trip to Iran.
doi: 10.1038/435264a
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Mars exploration: Going underground p266
A new generation of planetary radar aims to look deeper than ever into some of the Solar System's most enduring mysteries. Tony Reichhardt gets ready for a trip to the interior.
doi: 10.1038/435266a
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Stem-cell niches: It's the ecology, stupid! p268
Stem cells are engaged in constant crosstalk with their environment, biologists are fast realizing. So the emerging field of regenerative medicine is now wrestling with the ecological concept of the niche. Kendall Powell reports.
doi: 10.1038/435268a
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Top of pageBusiness
Licensing fees slow advance of stem cells p272
Would-be entrants to the embryonic stem-cell business find access to the technology prohibitively expensive, Meredith Wadman reports.
doi: 10.1038/435272a
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In brief p273
doi: 10.1038/435273a
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Market watch p273
doi: 10.1038/435273b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
When science meets religion in the classroom p275
Jerry Coyne
doi: 10.1038/435275a
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Teaching about ID helps students see its flaws p275
David Leaf
doi: 10.1038/435275b
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Evolution is a short-order cook, not a watchmaker p275
Chris Miller
doi: 10.1038/435275c
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Seeking evidence of God's work undermines faith p275
Douglas W. Yu
doi: 10.1038/435275d
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Leave well alone and stick to teaching what you know p276
Rustum Roy
doi: 10.1038/435276a
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Intelligent design or intellectual laziness? p276
Michael Lynch
doi: 10.1038/435276b
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Solidarity with the oppressed flat-Earthers p276
Dan Graur
doi: 10.1038/435276c
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Reason to fight back p277
A stout defence of the evidence-based approach from attacks on all sides.
John Durant reviews The March of Unreason: Science, Democracy, and the New Fundamentalism by Dick Taverne
doi: 10.1038/435277a
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At the trowel's edge p278
Pat Shipman reviews The Goddess and the Bull: ?atalh?yük: An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization by Michael Balter
doi: 10.1038/435278a
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Hidden depths p279
Jon Copley reviews Fathoming the Ocean: The Discovery and Exploration of the Deep Sea by Helen M. Rozwadowski and The Remarkable Life of William Beebe: Explorer and Naturalist by Carol Grant Gould and Descent: The Heroic Discovery of the Abyss by Brad Matsen
doi: 10.1038/435279a
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Science in culture: The music of life p280
Composer Thilo Krigar seeks to represent the flow of genetic information.
Juliane M?ssinger
doi: 10.1038/435280a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
Capturing chaos p281
Ergodicity: a fundamental assumption of statistical physics — anything that can happen will happen — was thrown into question 50 years ago. Now it looks solid after all.
Mark Buchanan
doi: 10.1038/435281a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Evolutionary biology: Geography and skin colour p283
Human skin comes in many different shades. Recent studies of geographical differences in skin colour open up the subject scientifically by offering sophisticated accounts of the basis of this variation.
Jared Diamond
doi: 10.1038/435283a
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Earthquakes: Future shock in California p284
For California, probabilistic principles can be applied to the short-term forecasting of further ground-shaking following an earthquake. How such predictions will be used by the public remains to be seen.
Duncan Agnew
doi: 10.1038/435284a
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Molecular motors: Kinesin steps back p285
Kinesin is a protein motor that ferries membrane-bound packages around cells — but only in one direction. Forcing it into reverse provides clues to its inner workings and to how molecular machines might be engineered.
Justin E. Molloy and Stephan Schmitz
doi: 10.1038/435285a
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Particle physics: Vanishing pentaquarks p287
After a first inconclusive sighting, the search for exotic particles that consist of five quarks has been hotly pursued in the past few years. But the weight of evidence is now shifting against their existence.
Frank Close
doi: 10.1038/435287a
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Neuroscience: Plasticity and its limits p288
How much can the adult brain compensate for injury to the senses of touch or vision, for example? The answer from the latest results on the visual system, involving damage to the retina, seems to be 'very little'.
Martin I. Sereno
doi: 10.1038/435288a
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Timekeeping: Light-insensitive optical clock p291
Interactions between trapped neutral atoms have prevented their use as the ultimate frequency standard in optical clocks. A clever trapping scheme circumvents this problem and may push timekeeping to new limits.
Thomas Udem
doi: 10.1038/435291a
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Obituary: Saunders Mac Lane (1909?2005) p292
Outstanding mathematician and mentor who invented category theory.
Klaus Peters
doi: 10.1038/435292a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Psychology: Red enhances human performance in contests p293
Signals biologically attributed to red coloration in males may operate in the arena of combat sports.
Russell A. Hill and Robert A. Barton
doi: 10.1038/435293a
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Top of pageArticles
Three-dimensional deformation caused by the Bam, Iran, earthquake and the origin of shallow slip deficit p295
Yuri Fialko, David Sandwell, Mark Simons and Paul Rosen
doi: 10.1038/nature03425
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (314K) | Supplementary information
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Lack of long-term cortical reorganization after macaque retinal lesions p300
Stelios M. Smirnakis, Alyssa A. Brewer, Michael C. Schmid, Andreas S. Tolias, Almut Schüz, Mark Augath, Werner Inhoffen, Brian A. Wandell and Nikos K. Logothetis
doi: 10.1038/nature03495
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (501K) | Supplementary information
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Mechanics of the kinesin step p308
N. J. Carter and R. A. Cross
doi: 10.1038/nature03528
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (406K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Molloy & Schmitz
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Top of pageLetters
Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers p313
H. Falcke, W. D. Apel, A. F. Badea, L. B?hren, K. Bekk, A. Bercuci, M. Bertaina, P. L. Biermann, J. Blümer, H. Bozdog, I. M. Brancus, S. Buitink, M. Brüggemann, P. Buchholz, H. Butcher, A. Chiavassa, K. Daumiller, A. G. de Bruyn, C. M. de Vos, F. Di Pierro, P. Doll, R. Engel, H. Gemmeke, P. L. Ghia, R. Glasstetter, C. Grupen, A. Haungs, D. Heck, J. R. H?randel, A. Horneffer, T. Huege, K.-H. Kampert, G. W. Kant, U. Klein, Y. Kolotaev, Y. Koopman, O. Kr?mer, J. Kuijpers, S. Lafebre, G. Maier, H. J. Mathes, H. J. Mayer, J. Milke, B. Mitrica, C. Morello, G. Navarra, S. Nehls, A. Nigl, R. Obenland, J. Oehlschl?ger, S. Ostapchenko, S. Over, H. J. Pepping, M. Petcu, J. Petrovic, S. Plewnia, H. Rebel, A. Risse, M. Roth, H. Schieler, G. Schoonderbeek, O. Sima, M. Stümpert, G. Toma, G. C. Trinchero, H. Ulrich, S. Valchierotti, J. van Buren, W. van Cappellen, W. Walkowiak, A. Weindl, S. Wijnholds, J. Wochele, J. Zabierowski, J. A. Zensus and D. Zimmermann
doi: 10.1038/nature03614
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (151K) | Supplementary information
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CO self-shielding as the origin of oxygen isotope anomalies in the early solar nebula p317
J. R. Lyons and E. D. Young
doi: 10.1038/nature03557
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An optical lattice clock p321
Masao Takamoto, Feng-Lei Hong, Ryoichi Higashi and Hidetoshi Katori
doi: 10.1038/nature03541
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Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator p325
Qianfan Xu, Bradley Schmidt, Sameer Pradhan and Michal Lipson
doi: 10.1038/nature03569
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Real-time forecasts of tomorrow's earthquakes in California p328
Matthew C. Gerstenberger, Stefan Wiemer, Lucile M. Jones and Paul A. Reasenberg
doi: 10.1038/nature03622
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (244K) | Supplementary information
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Direct dating of Early Upper Palaeolithic human remains from Mlade p332
Eva M. Wild, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Walter Kutschera, Peter Steier, Erik Trinkaus and Wolfgang Wanek
doi: 10.1038/nature03585
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (218K) | Supplementary information
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Distinguishing random environmental fluctuations from ecological catastrophes for the North Pacific Ocean p336
Chih-hao Hsieh, Sarah M. Glaser, Andrew J. Lucas and George Sugihara
doi: 10.1038/nature03553
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (158K) | Supplementary information
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Sustained firing in auditory cortex evoked by preferred stimuli p341
Xiaoqin Wang, Thomas Lu, Ross K. Snider and Li Liang
doi: 10.1038/nature03565
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Regulation of PDGF signalling and vascular remodelling by peroxiredoxin II p347
Min Hee Choi, In Kyung Lee, Gyung Whan Kim, Bang Ul Kim, Ying-Hao Han, Dae-Yeul Yu, Hye Sun Park, Kyung Yong Kim, Jong Seo Lee, Chulhee Choi, Yun Soo Bae, Byung In Lee, Sue Goo Rhee and Sang Won Kang
doi: 10.1038/nature03587
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The Mesp2 transcription factor establishes segmental borders by suppressing Notch activity p354
Mitsuru Morimoto, Yu Takahashi, Maho Endo and Yumiko Saga
doi: 10.1038/nature03591
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The Ter mutation in the dead end gene causes germ cell loss and testicular germ cell tumours p360
Kirsten K. Youngren, Douglas Coveney, Xiaoning Peng, Chitralekha Bhattacharya, Laura S. Schmidt, Michael L. Nickerson, Bruce T. Lamb, Jian Min Deng, Richard R. Behringer, Blanche Capel, Edward M. Rubin, Joseph H. Nadeau and Angabin Matin
doi: 10.1038/nature03595
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (371K) | Supplementary information
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Non-equilibration of hydrostatic pressure in blebbing cells p365
Guillaume T. Charras, Justin C. Yarrow, Mike A. Horton, L. Mahadevan and T. J. Mitchison
doi: 10.1038/nature03550
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DNA synthesis provides the driving force to accelerate DNA unwinding by a helicase p370
Natalie M. Stano, Yong-Joo Jeong, Ilker Donmez, Padmaja Tummalapalli, Mikhail K. Levin and Smita S. Patel
doi: 10.1038/nature03615
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Structure of the zinc-binding domain of an essential component of the hepatitis C virus replicase p374
Timothy L. Tellinghuisen, Joseph Marcotrigiano and Charles M. Rice
doi: 10.1038/nature03580
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
To plan...or not to plan? p381
Senior scientists often say they haven't carefully planned their career pathway—but recommend that younger scientists still create some goals to follow.
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7040-381a
Full Text | PDF (138K)
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Career Views
Movers p382
Physicist advances in spite of 'two-body' problem
Robert Rosner
doi: 10.1038/nj7040-382a
Full Text | PDF (128K)
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Recruiters & Academia p382
Lessons learned from a denied grant
Dorothy Mundy
doi: 10.1038/nj7040-382b
Full Text | PDF (130K)
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Graduate Journal: Dissin' the dissertation p382
Student wonders about the relevance of writing a dissertation
Jason Underwood
doi: 10.1038/nj7040-382c
Full Text | PDF (130K)
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Highlights
Highlight on Austria
doi: 10.1038/nj0002
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Top of pageFutures
Climate change p384
What will happen in the cold light of day?
Michael Hanlon
doi: 10.1038/435384a
Full Text | PDF (171K)
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