Volume 435 Number 7038 pp1-128封面故事:变形虫“阿米巴”基因组完成测序
群居生活的变形虫“阿米巴”(Dictyostelium discoideum)在两种形态之间进行切换:一种是孤立的单细胞生物,另一种是能表现出高等真核生物典型的细胞分异和协作的多细胞形式。由于这个原因,也由于它能够用来进行实验研究,“阿米巴”成为了解细胞通信和分异方式的一种关键模型生物。现在,本期Nature发表了这种变形虫的完整基因组序列,同时还发表了对其基因组和蛋白组所做的分析。其基因组的特点包括有大量基因参与生成和输出小分子。该生物起源于真核生物演化的根部,这意味着,关于真核生物起源和分化的问题也可通过其基因组来研究。封面图片(由P. H. Dear & MRC Centre Visual Aids Depart提供)描绘的是该变形虫的多细胞形式。
“土卫九”卫星的物质组成
土星最靠外的大卫星“土卫九”(Phoebe)是天文学家特别感兴趣的,因为其不寻常的轨道表明,它是被土星通过引力俘获的,形成于太阳星云之外(土星本身也是在此形成的)。“卡西尼-惠更斯”宇宙飞船于2004年6月11日到达“土卫九”,“卡西尼”上的成像光谱仪被用来探测“土卫九”上的含铁矿物质、结合水、被束缚的CO2、页硅酸盐、有机物、腈类和氰化物。所有这些化合物的存在使得“土卫九”成为太阳系中在物质组成上最多样的天体之一,这与其表面来源于彗星物质、含有来自太阳系外层原始物质的事实是一致的。关于“土卫九”过去情况的进一步证据来自由“卡西尼”上搭载的另外两种仪器所做的密度测量。“土卫九”的组成明显不同于形成中等大小的土星卫星的富含冰的物质,是由形成“冥王星”和Triton(原始“库伯带”天体)的同样物质形成的。
EXAFS技术灵敏度提高了100倍
EXAFS(扩展的X 射线吸收精细结构)是一种被化学家、材料学家、生物学家和地球科学家广泛用于结构研究的技术。经过数年的逐渐改进,目前的EXAFS系统能以0.01至0.001埃的准确性确定原子间的距离。Pettifer等人宣布了一项突破性的进展:利用位于法国格勒诺布尔的“欧洲同步加速器研究设施”的ID24射线束上的分散式X-射线光谱仪,他们通过在一个正在发生磁致伸缩的铁-钴合金中测量飞米尺度的原子位移(约在0.00001埃左右),向人们展示了该技术的灵敏度提高了100倍。这项进展应使EXAFS能够适用于甚至更多的研究领域,对用于Diamond 和 Soleil等新的同步辐射源的仪器的设计可能也会有用。
食草动物祖先可能是食肉动物
在美国犹他州一个采石场中,科学家发现了早期的一种名为therizinosauroid dinosaur的恐龙的一个保存完好的化石。这一发现是基本上局限于亚洲的一组动物的化石首次在北美被发现,从而将阿拉斯加陆桥的形成时间提前了。这一发现对这些恐龙的起源提出了新的问题,也表明在白垩纪早期有动物通过欧洲在亚洲和北美之间来往。另外,这一化石材料的各种不同的原始特征表明,食草动物有可能是通过一种模式从一种食肉动物祖先发展来的。
韩国发现火蜥蜴新种
人们普遍认为,四足动物的主要分布模式都已经知道。新物种不时出现,但一般都在偏远的热带地区,而且它们很少是新的种系。两栖动物似乎是例外:Nature上报道的一个青蛙新种(425, 711-714; 2003)非常与众不同,所以被放在了一个新科中,尽管它也来自印度的一个研究得不够彻底的热带地区。但在北温带地区一个火蜥蜴新种的发现却非常意外。在韩国发现的这个新种很像蝾螈科的北美属。蝾螈在亚洲的存在有很多动物种类史和生物地理方面的意义。
西南非洲河流中的大量慈鲷物种
非洲大湖中的慈鲷是爆炸性物种形成和生态分化的已知最壮观的例子,但这些湖泊的辐射却常常被认为与其他地方的生物多样性没有多大关系。另一方面,非洲大部分地方的河流生成的新物种非常少,因为河流中的生态机会非常有限。矛盾的是,西南非洲的河流中却有大量慈鲷物种。现在,研究表明,这些河鱼是一群物种残留下来的,这群物种是在博茨瓦纳一个大湖中所发生的一次适应性辐射期间出现的,这个湖泊2000前年干涸了。至少在这个地方,在一个地域受限的地区所发生的迅速演化提供了一个生态机会窗口,这个窗口曾有助于形成大陆生物多样性。
动脉和静脉的身份及其转变
动脉和静脉也许看起来都像小管子,但事实上它们在解剖上和功能上都是不同的。关于静脉的身份是怎样被确定的我们知之甚少,但现在用小鼠胚胎所做的研究表明,转录因子COUP-TFII专门标记静脉内皮,调节静脉身份,这样便对目前认为静脉身份源自一种缺省通道的观点提出了挑战。COUP-TFII是“孤儿核受体”超级家族的一个成员,在静脉内皮中以高水平表达,但在动脉中却不是。在静脉内皮中选择性除掉COUP-TFII,导致Notch信号通道(一种动脉标记物)的激发和造血细胞团的异位感应(动脉的一种功能),从而使突变体静脉发生转变,获得动脉的分子和功能特点。
治疗女性不育症的新希望
不育症是一个比较严重的医学和社会问题,然而影响女性生殖的分子机制、尤其是那些在治疗上可以掌握的机制我们还不完全了解。所以,通过胚胎着床对影响生育能力的一个新的信号机制的识别是一个有潜在重要意义的事件。所涉及的化合物是“溶血磷脂酸”(LPA),通过一个由G蛋白耦合的受体发挥作用。定向删除这一名为LPA3的受体,所产生的小鼠具有一种可归因于着床延迟、着床空间被改变、胎盘肥厚和胚胎死亡等的表现型。遗传数据表明,在女性生殖能力中,LPA信号作用与前列腺素生物合成之间通过环氧酶-2(COX-2)的调节有一个联系。由G蛋白耦合的受体是药物作用最常见的目标之一,所以该发现让我们看到这样一个可能性:开发以LPA3受体为作用目标的新药物来治疗不育症。
防止HIV感染的全新策略
被激发的CD4 T-细胞会暴露于HIV的攻击,但HIV不能感染未被激发的T-细胞。新的研究工作将这一现象与最近发现的“细胞胞啶脱氨(基)酶” APOBEC3G (A3G)联系了起来,后者是一种先天抗逆转录病毒的物质,假如HIV病毒没有其Vif基因的话,该物质能阻止HIV的传播。现在,研究表明,A3G以两种形式存在:一种是较长的形式,在防止细胞感染方面是无效的;一种是较短的、比较活泼(但为什么活泼原因不清楚)的形式,能够排斥HIV病毒。被激发的T-细胞有较长的形式,容易被HIV感染,但未被激发的T-细胞携带较短的形式,所以不怕HIV感染。阻断未被激发的T-细胞中较短形式的A3G,会突然使它们对HIV感染敏感起来。该发现实际上是防止HIV感染的全新策略:要么将较长形式的A3G转变成被激发的CD4 T-细胞中的保护性的、较短形式的A3G;要么阻止较短形式的A3G在T-细胞激发过程中转变成较长形式的A3G。
本期目录:
Editorials
In pursuit of systems p1
The study of functioning groups of molecules is an important frontier of biology at reductionist and holistic levels. Central to the long-term goals of scientific research, it brings its own challenges of infrastructure and evaluation.
doi: 10.1038/435001a
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Fear and rambling at NASA p1
The US space agency needs an injection of rationality.
doi: 10.1038/435001b
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Top of pageNews
Pesticide results help China edge transgenic rice towards market p3
Genetically modified varieties promise health benefits for farmers.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/435003a
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Academics stress licence threat to US science p4
Alarms ring over rules for foreign nationals and 'sensitive' equipment.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi: 10.1038/435004a
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Hubble rescue mission gears up despite shuttle setback p4
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/435004b
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US bungled investigation into weapons research in Iraq p5
Innocent scientists detained while real culprits went free.
Jim Giles and Geoff Brumfiel
doi: 10.1038/435005a
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Rethink on review leaves researchers out in the cold p5
US National Science Foundation asks universities to pre-screen grants.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi: 10.1038/435005b
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Free genome databases finally defeat Celera p6
Pioneering firm completes switch from genomics to drugs.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/435006a
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Arctic trends scrutinized as chilly winter destroys ozone p6
Is climate change to blame for looming northern hole?
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/435006b
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Hikes in surface ozone could suffocate crops p7
Photosynthesis threatened by rising air pollution.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/435007a
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news in brief p8
doi: 10.1038/435008a
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Top of pageNews Features
Labs on a chip: Meet the stripped down rat p12
Are wafers of silicon that support cells cultured from vital organs the future of drug testing and toxicology? Roxanne Khamsi talks to the pioneers creating model animals — and humans — on a chip.
doi: 10.1038/435012a
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Hotwire my heart p14
Growing numbers of people are being implanted with electronic devices that can automatically restart a failing heart. But have the risks and benefits been adequately assessed? Duncan Graham-Rowe investigates.
doi: 10.1038/435014a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Guidelines reduce the risk of brain-scan shock p17
Responsibility for research is separate from a centre's duty of care to MRI volunteers.
John D. Pickard and Jonathan H. Gillard
doi: 10.1038/435017a
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DNA barcoding a useful tool for taxonomists p17
David E. Schindel and Scott E. Miller
doi: 10.1038/435017b
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Debate to be had on best practice in mentoring p17
Alan Lord
doi: 10.1038/435017c
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Top of pageSpring Books
G?del's universe p19
The legacy of one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century.
Martin Davis reviews Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt G?del by Rebecca Goldstein and A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of G?del and Einstein by Palle Yourgrau
doi: 10.1038/435019a
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The dark side of astronomy p20
Thanu Padmanabhan reviews Empire of the Stars: Friendship, Obsession and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes by Arthur I. Miller
doi: 10.1038/435020a
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Destroying the zombic hunch p21
Susan Blackmore reviews Sweet Dreams: Philosophical Obstacles to a Science of Consciousness by Daniel C. Dennett
doi: 10.1038/435021a
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Making progress? p23
Don Ihde reviews FAB: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop — From Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication by Neil Gershenfeld
doi: 10.1038/435023a
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Climbing the evolutionary tree p24
Peter Andrews reviews The Ape in the Tree: An Intellectual and Natural History of Proconsul by Alan Walker and Pat Shipman
doi: 10.1038/435024a
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The evolution of scientific thinking p25
Rachel Wood reviews Reef Madness: Charles Darwin, Alexander Agassiz, and the Meaning of Coral by David Dobbs
doi: 10.1038/435025a
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With the future in mind p27
John C. Marshall reviews The 21st-Century Brain: Explaining, Mending and Manipulating the Mind by Steven Rose
doi: 10.1038/435027a
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Literature red in tooth and claw p28
Michel Raymond reviews Madame Bovary's Ovaries: A Darwinian Look at Literature by David P. Barash and Nanelle R. Barash
doi: 10.1038/435028a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Evolutionary biology: Ghost of speciation past p29
Lurking in the rivers of Botswana are the remnants of a diverse flock of cichlid fishes, whose origins can be traced to a lake that vanished more than 2,000 years ago.
Thomas D. Kocher
doi: 10.1038/435029a
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Developmental biology: Morphogens hitch a greasy ride p30
Morphogen proteins guide the development of many tissues in animals, but how are these insoluble proteins ferried around the body? A well-known group of lipid transporters might be the answer.
Richard S. Mann and Joaquim Culi
doi: 10.1038/435030a
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100 and 50 years ago p31
doi: 10.1038/435031a
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Planetary science: Saturn's retrograde renegade p33
Data from the Cassini?Huygens mission provide convincing evidence that the saturnian moon Phoebe formed elsewhere in the Solar System, and was only later captured by Saturn's gravitational pull.
J. Brad Dalton
doi: 10.1038/435033a
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Reproductive biology: Fatty link to fertility p34
A short delay in the attachment of embryos to the wall of the womb during early pregnancy adversely affects later developmental processes. New evidence reinforces the need for lipids to regulate this event.
S. K. Dey
doi: 10.1038/435034a
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Materials science: A hard look at glass p35
The topology of amorphous glasses has generally been considered only at the level of atoms and their nearest neighbours. A larger-scale view gives a fresh perspective on the structure and formation of these glasses.
Paul Madden
doi: 10.1038/435035a
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Cell biology: Sterol sensor comes up for air p37
In one example of a feedback mechanism in mammals, cells switch cholesterol synthesis on or off depending on the availability of sterol. A rewired version of this pathway in yeast acts instead as an oxygen sensor.
Renee M. Garza and Randolph Y. Hampton
doi: 10.1038/435037a
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research highlights p39
doi: 10.1038/435039a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Botany: Specialized bird perch aids cross-pollination p41
A plant scores by providing an access point for visiting sunbirds to feed on its nectar.
Bruce Anderson, William W. Cole and Spencer C. H. Barrett
doi: 10.1038/435041a
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Biochemistry: A cadmium enzyme from a marine diatom p42
Todd W. Lane, Mak A. Saito, Graham N. George, Ingrid J. Pickering, Roger C. Prince and Fran?ois M. M. Morel
doi: 10.1038/435042a
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Corrigendum p42
doi: 10.1038/435042b
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Top of pageArticles
The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum p43
L. Eichinger, J. A. Pachebat, G. Gl?ckner, M.-A. Rajandream, R. Sucgang, M. Berriman, J. Song, R. Olsen, K. Szafranski, Q. Xu, B. Tunggal, S. Kummerfeld, M. Madera, B. A. Konfortov, F. Rivero, A. T. Bankier, R. Lehmann, N. Hamlin, R. Davies, P. Gaudet, P. Fey, K. Pilcher, G. Chen, D. Saunders, E. Sodergren, P. Davis, A. Kerhornou, X. Nie, N. Hall, C. Anjard, L. Hemphill, N. Bason, P. Farbrother, B. Desany, E. Just, T. Morio, R. Rost, C. Churcher, J. Cooper, S. Haydock, N. van Driessche, A. Cronin, I. Goodhead, D. Muzny, T. Mourier, A. Pain, M. Lu, D. Harper, R. Lindsay, H. Hauser, K. James, M. Quiles, M. Madan Babu, T. Saito, C. Buchrieser, A. Wardroper, M. Felder, M. Thangavelu, D. Johnson, A. Knights, H. Loulseged, K. Mungall, K. Oliver, C. Price, M. A. Quail, H. Urushihara, J. Hernandez, E. Rabbinowitsch, D. Steffen, M. Sanders, J. Ma, Y. Kohara, S. Sharp, M. Simmonds, S. Spiegler, A. Tivey, S. Sugano, B. White, D. Walker, J. Woodward, T. Winckler, Y. Tanaka, G. Shaulsky, M. Schleicher, G. Weinstock, A. Rosenthal, E. C. Cox, R. L. Chisholm, R. Gibbs, W. F. Loomis, M. Platzer, R. R. Kay, J. Williams, P. H. Dear, A. A. Noegel, B. Barrell and A. Kuspa
doi: 10.1038/nature03481
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Lipoprotein particles are required for Hedgehog and Wingless signalling p58
Daniela Panáková, Hein Sprong, Eric Marois, Christoph Thiele and Suzanne Eaton
doi: 10.1038/nature03504
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Top of pageLetters to Nature
Compositional maps of Saturn's moon Phoebe from imaging spectroscopy p66
Roger N. Clark, Robert H. Brown, Ralf Jaumann, Dale P. Cruikshank, Robert M. Nelson, Bonnie J. Buratti, Thomas B. McCord, J. Lunine, K. H. Baines, G. Bellucci, J.-P. Bibring, F. Capaccioni, P. Cerroni, A. Coradini, V. Formisano, Y. Langevin, D. L. Matson, V. Mennella, P. D. Nicholson, B. Sicardy, C. Sotin, Todd M. Hoefen, John M. Curchin, Gary Hansen, Karl Hibbits and K.-D. Matz
doi: 10.1038/nature03558
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Saturn's moon Phoebe as a captured body from the outer Solar System p69
Torrence V. Johnson and Jonathan I. Lunine
doi: 10.1038/nature03384
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Manipulating spin and charge in magnetic semiconductors using superconducting vortices p71
Mona Berciu, Tatiana G. Rappoport and Boldizsár Jankó
doi: 10.1038/nature03559
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Topological versus chemical ordering in network glasses at intermediate and extended length scales p75
Philip S. Salmon, Richard A. Martin, Philip E. Mason and Gabriel J. Cuello
doi: 10.1038/nature03475
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Measurement of femtometre-scale atomic displacements by X-ray absorption spectroscopy p78
Robert F. Pettifer, Olivier Mathon, Sakura Pascarelli, Michael D. Cooke and Michael R. J. Gibbs
doi: 10.1038/nature03516
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Slip rate variations on normal faults during glacial?interglacial changes in surface loads p81
Ralf Hetzel and Andrea Hampel
doi: 10.1038/nature03562
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A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah p84
James I. Kirkland, Lindsay E. Zanno, Scott D. Sampson, James M. Clark and Donald D. DeBlieux
doi: 10.1038/nature03468
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Discovery of the first Asian plethodontid salamander p87
M. S. Min, S. Y. Yang, R. M. Bonett, D. R. Vieites, R. A. Brandon and D. B. Wake
doi: 10.1038/nature03474
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An extant cichlid fish radiation emerged in an extinct Pleistocene lake p90
Domino A. Joyce, David H. Lunt, Roger Bills, George F. Turner, Cyprian Katongo, Nina Duftner, Christian Sturmbauer and Ole Seehausen
doi: 10.1038/nature03489
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Epistasis and balanced polymorphism influencing complex trait variation p95
Juergen Kroymann and Thomas Mitchell-Olds
doi: 10.1038/nature03480
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Suppression of Notch signalling by the COUP-TFII transcription factor regulates vein identity p98
Li-Ru You, Fu-Jung Lin, Christopher T. Lee, Francesco J. DeMayo, Ming-Jer Tsai and Sophia Y. Tsai
doi: 10.1038/nature03511
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LPA3-mediated lysophosphatidic acid signalling in embryo implantation and spacing p104
Xiaoqin Ye, Kotaro Hama, James J. A. Contos, Brigitte Anliker, Asuka Inoue, Michael K. Skinner, Hiroshi Suzuki, Tomokazu Amano, Grace Kennedy, Hiroyuki Arai, Junken Aoki and Jerold Chun
doi: 10.1038/nature03505
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Cellular APOBEC3G restricts HIV-1 infection in resting CD4+ T cells p108
Ya-Lin Chiu, Vanessa B. Soros, Jason F. Kreisberg, Kim Stopak, Wes Yonemoto and Warner C. Greene
doi: 10.1038/nature03493
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The bipolar mitotic kinesin Eg5 moves on both microtubules that it crosslinks p114
Lukas C. Kapitein, Erwin J. G. Peterman, Benjamin H. Kwok, Jeffrey H. Kim, Tarun M. Kapoor and Christoph F. Schmidt
doi: 10.1038/nature03503
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A synthetic gene?metabolic oscillator p118
Eileen Fung, Wilson W. Wong, Jason K. Suen, Thomas Bulter, Sun-gu Lee and James C. Liao
doi: 10.1038/nature03508
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospects
Management potential p123
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7038-123a
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Special Report
Making it in the biotech business p124
Being good at research isn't enough for success in the biotech business. Virgina Gewin finds out where to get the other skills you need.
Virginia Gewin
doi: 10.1038/nj7038-124a
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Career View
Graduate Journal: Finding the balance p126
Tobias Langenhan
doi: 10.1038/nj7038-126a
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Nuts & Bolts p126
Deb Koen
doi: 10.1038/nj7038-126b
Full Text | PDF (80K)
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Movers p126
doi: 10.1038/nj7038-126c
Full Text | PDF (80K)
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Top of pageFutures
Meat p128
A growth industry.
Paul McAuley
doi: 10.1038/435128a
Full Text | PDF (330K)