| 2005年04月21日 Nature中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
|  | Volume 434 Number 7036 pp941-1052
封面故事：飓风的预测
2004年对于美国来说是飓风最多最坏的年月之一，有四次飓风在8月和9月袭击了佛罗里达。保险公司为此需要理赔的金额超过230亿美元。对飓风登陆活动做准确的季节性预测，将会就可能遭受的损失程度的高低向行政机构和企业做出预警。通过利用北美、东太平洋和北大西洋上空7月份存在的“对流层高度平均风异常”，可对下一飓风季节在美国登陆的飓风的总风能做出比较精确的预测。本期封面图片（由威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校空间科学与工程中心提供）是2004年8月和9月接近佛罗里达的飓风Charley、Frances、Ivan 和Jeanne的一幅组合卫星图像。
奇特的蚂蚁
通过集体行动，一些在树上生活的蚂蚁捕捉富含蛋白质的飞行的，或者跳跃的猎物来弥补它们对氮的需求。专门在亚马逊蚂蚁树Hirtella physophora上生活的蚂蚁Allomerus decemarticulatus采用一种独特的方法。它们把从其寄生的植物茎上采下的纤维用专门生长出来的真菌丝捆绑在一起，来修建一个海绵状的平台，用来捕捉比它们自己大得多的昆虫。捕捉到大昆虫后，蚂蚁一哄而上，使猎物不能动弹，然后将其分而食之。这对较大的昆虫来说是不幸的，但蚂蚁寄生的植物从蚂蚁身上获得了养分，所以这种安排对亚马逊蚂蚁树来说是合适的。
北大西洋地区的“8200年事件”
大约8200年前，北大西洋地区经历了一场剧烈的寒冷事件，持续了几百年，是由流进该海洋中的融化水和“北大西洋深层水”的形成过程速度减缓引起的。人们通常假设，这一寒冷事件产生了近乎全球性的影响。但Rohling 和 P?like对古气候数据进行了分析研究，发现了能够挑战这一观点的证据。他们提出，这一所谓的“8200年事件”是叠加在一个时间更长的寒冷气候异常事件之上的，后者的影响可能超过了北大西洋地区。
稻瘟病菌的基因组序列测定完成
现在，世界上最主要的作物之一水稻的最具破坏性的病原体的基因组序列已经测定完成了。稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe grisea）是第一种被测定的真菌性植物病原体基因组，由于水稻的基因组已经被测序，所以它为研究寄主与病原体之间的关系提供了一个独特的机会。本研究早期的发现包括一个家族的G-蛋白，与参与破坏寄主防卫系统的受体偶合在一起；一个对这种病原体有特效的杀菌剂的候选目标。该基因组在过去曾被其他基因元素入侵，很可能有助于在遇到新引进的有抗病能力的水稻品种时迅速发生演化。
芯片上的NMR测定
“核磁共振”（NMR）是一种被普遍采用的分析技术，是“磁共振成像”（MRI）的基础，它跟踪的是原子核的一种被称为自旋的量子力学性质，在原子核的自旋中，每个原子核的行为就像一块微小的磁铁。通常需要大型线圈和体积非常大的样品来直接探测这些磁铁。但一个新的系统使得研究人员有可能直接探测自旋，从而允许在一个半导体芯片上对一个纳米尺度的样品进行NMR测定。该系统还能比传统NMR对原子核有更大的控制，并且对于量子计算也是有意义的，因为它能探测包含多个自旋级别的原子核，而这样的原子核是可用在多“量子位”记忆装置中的系统之一。
极端环境中的“石内群落”
暴露在地球表面上的岩石的外面几毫米一般都有光合作用微生物群落。在极端环境中，这些“石内群落”经常是主要生命形式。“极端”肯定是描述美国黄石国家公园地热环境中的极酸性（pH 1）岩石中微孔空间的一个合适的词，但在这个空间中现在已经发现了一个微生物群落，主要由光合作用藻类和大量以前未知的分支杆菌物种组成。这一发现的有趣之处是，在矿化作用下，这个群落能在地质记录中沉积下生物签名，并为了解与地热环境有关的古生物提供线索。据此可以推断，（其中的生物）死亡了的地热系统也许是寻找火星上过去生命证据的好。
影响物种数量的因素
了解为什么地球上某些地方比其他地方物种更多一直是演化生物学家们感兴趣的问题，对保护生物学家也有实践意义。岛屿是研究这种事情的最佳地方，经典理论表明，一个岛屿上的物种数量与岛屿的大小及其与其他岛屿的距离有关，当然也与其他因素有关。现在，Emerson和Kolm发现了推动物种形成的另一因素：在第一个地方所存在的物种数量。对加那利和夏威夷群岛上的节肢动物群落和开花植物群落所做的分析，支持这一新理论：在一个给定地区物种数量越多，这些物种内发生演化性变化的概率越高。
同性交配：神秘的伴侣
病原体Cryptococcus neoformans的性生活是相当神秘的。这种真菌（它是造成艾滋病患者发病的一个常见因素）有两个交配类型：alpha 和 a，而临床分离菌种绝大多数属于alpha型。两个交配类型之间的性交很少见，但现在该交配过程（只涉及alpha细胞，以前被认为是严格的有丝分裂，是无性的）被发现是性周期的一种不寻常形式。同一交配类型的伙伴之间的这种性周期的一些方面让人们想起很多昆虫和多细胞真核生物所发生的单性生殖。因为alpha交配类型已经被与毒性联系在了一起，所以这些研究结果对于致病机理研究也有意义。
神经发育：早期的竞争
神经线路的连线方式是由发育中的轴突网络中的早期神经活动调节的，了解其中所涉及的机制是神经学中的中心问题之一。过去关于这一问题的研究工作往往关注的是轴突束的分布模式，但现在，遗传学方法和最新成像工具的结合使得人们有可能跟踪活动物中各个神经元的轴突生长。观测表明，轴突之间取决于活性的竞争甚至在建立起任何连接之前就调节轴突生长。所以轴突竞争作用于轴突分支的形成，而不是像人们通常所认为的那样只是作用于轴突分支的稳定性。这一发现拓宽了有助于神经发育的潜在信号通道的范围。
“视丘下部” KATP通道与糖尿病
大脑中（“视丘下部”）胰岛素的作用调节肝脏中葡萄糖生成的机制，是肥胖症和2－型糖尿病病理中的一个重要因素。现在，研究人员将药理方法和遗传方法结合起来，发现“视丘下部”中央内的KATP通道的激发对于葡萄糖动态平衡的调节具有根本性作用。除此之外，它们在调节胰腺beta-细胞功能中也有已经明确的作用。“视丘下部” KATP通道的激发降低肝脏中葡萄糖的生成（促使血糖过低），它们在胰腺beta-细胞中的激发降低胰岛素分泌（促使血糖过高）。这些中枢和周围作用可能是为了彼此进行平衡，以维持葡萄糖动态平衡。“视丘下部”KATP通道的激发有可能成为治疗糖尿病的一种新型方案。
本期目录：
Editorial
Wanted: social entrepreneurs p941
Scientists-turned-entrepreneurs are resuscitating the research and development of drugs for neglected diseases. Researchers, administrators and funders should contribute their expertise to help these initiatives — or set up their own.
doi: 10.1038/434941a
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Top of pageNews
Heightened security after flu scare sparks biosafety debate p943
Pandemic strain distributed to 6,000 labs in 19 countries
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/434943a
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Conclave kindles hope for bioethical reform p944
New Pope must wrestle with AIDS and biomedical advances
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/nature03654
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Nobel laureate triumphs over loss of arm and returns to lab p945
Physics pioneer Eric Cornell makes light of disability
Kendall Powell
doi: 10.1038/434945a
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Ecologist sues for lost tenure following transgene quarrel p945
Berkeley faces more unrest over biotech links
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/434945b
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Marburg workers battle to win trust of locals p946
Efforts to contain Angolan virus outbreak hit by violence
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/434946a
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Computer conference welcomes gobbledegook paper p946
Researchers vent feelings through spoof submissions
Philip Ball
doi: 10.1038/nature03653
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NASA boss takes the helm and launches plans for the future p947
Astronauts may service Hubble Telescope, after all
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/434947a
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Scientists speak out in search of fame and fortune p947
Reality TV meets science in London auditions
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/434947b
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news in brief p948
doi: 10.1038/434948a
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Top of pageNews Features
Image manipulation: CSI: cell biology p952
Digital photography and image-manipulation software allow biologists to tweak their data as never before. But there's a fine line between acceptable enhancements and scientific misconduct. Helen Pearson investigates.
doi: 10.1038/434952a
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Animal behaviour: When robots go wild p954
A steady stream of mechanical animals is marching out of the lab into the field. Jonathan Knight tunes in to see how these motorized models can expose what makes real creatures behave the way they do.
doi: 10.1038/434954a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Who's helping to bring science to the people? p956
With student numbers falling, we need more researchers to do public-outreach work.
Pablo Jensen
doi: 10.1038/434956a
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Reviewers not attached to online submission p956
Steve Donovan
doi: 10.1038/434956b
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Funding shouldn't rely on competing death tolls p956
David Hilbert
doi: 10.1038/434956c
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Seeds of discord p957
A useful, though partial, survey of how we breed the plants we eat.
Margaret E. Smith reviews Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist's View of Genetically Modified Foods by Nina Fedoroff and Nancy Marie Brown
doi: 10.1038/434957a
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Admitting sympathy beyond species p958
Juliet Clutton-Brock reviews Thinking with Animals: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism
doi: 10.1038/434958a
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Science and culture: Polluting utopia p959
The idyllic reputation of a lost island community may not be wholly deserved.
Andy Meharg reviews
doi: 10.1038/434959a
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The descent of Mount Petroleum p960
Robert K. Kaufmann reviews Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak by Kenneth S. Deffeyes
doi: 10.1038/434960a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
Striking a chord p961
Landscapes: when perturbed by climatic and tectonic changes, landscapes resonate with a range of frequencies.
Philip Allen
doi: 10.1038/434961a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Earth science: Cracking the Himalaya p963
The collision of India with Asia causes large earthquakes and active faults along the southern margin of the Himalaya. But has localized erosion by monsoon rains created new faults in the interior of the range?
Douglas W. Burbank
doi: 10.1038/434963a
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Metabolism: A higher power for insulin p965
Glucose output from the liver is tightly regulated by insulin. But insulin holds sway over more than the liver — an unappreciated circuit in glucose control involves the opening of ion channels in the brain.
Fiona M. Gribble
doi: 10.1038/434965a
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100 and 50 years ago p966
doi: 10.1038/434966a
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Techniques: NMR on a chip p966
If a nanoscale gallium arsenide structure is excited with an oscillating magnetic field, superpositions of nuclear spin states can be created and detected electrically. Quantum computing could be the beneficiary.
Robert Tycko
doi: 10.1038/434966b
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Plant biology: Scented story p967
Amanda Tromans
doi: 10.1038/434967a
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Neurobiology: Sculpted by competition p969
Neuronal competition helps connections to form in the brain: the branches of less active neurons are more likely to retract — and, it now seems, less likely to grow — than those of their more active neighbours.
Ole Petter Ottersen
doi: 10.1038/434969a
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Obituary: Hans A. Bethe (1906?2005) p970
Kurt Gottfried and Edwin E. Salpeter
doi: 10.1038/434970a
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Research highlights p972
doi: 10.1038/434972a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Insect behaviour: Arboreal ants build traps to capture prey p973
Tiny ants construct an elaborate ambush to immobilize and kill much larger insects.
Alain Dejean, Pascal Jean Solano, Julien Ayroles, Bruno Corbara and Jér?me Orivel
doi: 10.1038/434973a
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Predation: Prey plumage adaptation against falcon attack p973
Alberto Palleroni, Cory T. Miller, Marc Hauser and Peter Marler
doi: 10.1038/434973b
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Top of pageReview Article
Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden cold event around 8,200 years ago p975
Eelco J. Rohling and Heiko P?like
doi: 10.1038/nature03421
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (391K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageArticles
The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea p980
Ralph A. Dean, Nicholas J. Talbot, Daniel J. Ebbole, Mark L. Farman, Thomas K. Mitchell, Marc J. Orbach, Michael Thon, Resham Kulkarni, Jin-Rong Xu, Huaqin Pan, Nick D. Read, Yong-Hwan Lee, Ignazio Carbone, Doug Brown, Yeon Yee Oh, Nicole Donofrio, Jun Seop Jeong, Darren M. Soanes, Slavica Djonovic, Elena Kolomiets, Cathryn Rehmeyer, Weixi Li, Michael Harding, Soonok Kim, Marc-Henri Lebrun, Heidi Bohnert, Sean Coughlan, Jonathan Butler, Sarah Calvo, Li-Jun Ma, Robert Nicol, Seth Purcell, Chad Nusbaum, James E. Galagan and Bruce W. Birren
doi: 10.1038/nature03449
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Molecular mechanisms of kinetochore capture by spindle microtubules p987
Kozo Tanaka, Naomi Mukae, Hilary Dewar, Mark van Breugel, Euan K. James, Alan R. Prescott, Claude Antony and Tomoyuki U. Tanaka
doi: 10.1038/nature03483
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Top of pageLetters to Nature
No high-mass protostars in the silhouette young stellar object M17-SO1 p995
Shigeyuki Sako, Takuya Yamashita, Hirokazu Kataza, Takashi Miyata, Yoshiko K. Okamoto, Mitsuhiko Honda, Takuya Fujiyoshi, Hiroshi Terada, Takeshi Kamazaki, Zhibo Jiang, Tomoyuki Hanawa and Takashi Onaka
doi: 10.1038/nature03471
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Chronology of the early Solar System from chondrule-bearing calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions p998
Alexander N. Krot, Hisayoshi Yurimoto, Ian D. Hutcheon and Glenn J. MacPherson
doi: 10.1038/nature03470
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Controlled multiple quantum coherences of nuclear spins in a nanometre-scale device p1001
Go Yusa, Koji Muraki, Kei Takashina, Katsushi Hashimoto and Yoshiro Hirayama
doi: 10.1038/nature03456
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Seasonal prediction of hurricane activity reaching the coast of the United States p1005
Mark A. Saunders and Adam S. Lea
doi: 10.1038/nature03454
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Active out-of-sequence thrust faulting in the central Nepalese Himalaya p1008
Cameron Wobus, Arjun Heimsath, Kelin Whipple and Kip Hodges
doi: 10.1038/nature03499
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Geobiology of a microbial endolithic community in the Yellowstone geothermal environment p1011
Jeffrey J. Walker, John R. Spear and Norman R. Pace
doi: 10.1038/nature03447
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Species diversity can drive speciation p1015
Brent C. Emerson and Niclas Kolm
doi: 10.1038/nature03450
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Sexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus neoformans p1017
Xiaorong Lin, Christina M. Hull and Joseph Heitman
doi: 10.1038/nature03448
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Regulation of axon growth in vivo by activity-based competition p1022
Jackie Yuanyuan Hua, Matthew C. Smear, Herwig Baier and Stephen J. Smith
doi: 10.1038/nature03409
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Hypothalamic KATP channels control hepatic glucose production p1026
Alessandro Pocai, Tony K. T. Lam, Roger Gutierrez-Juarez, Silvana Obici, Gary J. Schwartz, Joseph Bryan, Lydia Aguilar-Bryan and Luciano Rossetti
doi: 10.1038/nature03439
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Sox2 is required for sensory organ development in the mammalian inner ear p1031
Amy E. Kiernan, Anna L. Pelling, Keith K. H. Leung, Anna S. P. Tang, Donald M. Bell, Charles Tease, Robin Lovell-Badge, Karen P. Steel and Kathryn S. E. Cheah
doi: 10.1038/nature03487
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Spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88?IRF-7 signalling for robust type-I interferon induction p1035
Kenya Honda, Yusuke Ohba, Hideyuki Yanai, Hideo Negishi, Tatsuaki Mizutani, Akinori Takaoka, Choji Taya and Tadatsugu Taniguchi
doi: 10.1038/nature03547
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Visualizing the mechanical activation of Src p1040
Yingxiao Wang, Elliot L. Botvinick, Yihua Zhao, Michael W. Berns, Shunichi Usami, Roger Y. Tsien and Shu Chien
doi: 10.1038/nature03469
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospects
Breaking the bottleneck p1047
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7036-1047a
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Postdocs
Counting the cost p1048
Budgeting wisely can be critical to a young lab's early success. Kendall Powell finds out how to stretch funds for maximum effect.
Kendall Powell
doi: 10.1038/nj7036-1048a
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Career View
Graduate Journal: First?night nerves p1050
Anne Margaret Lee
doi: 10.1038/nj7036-1050a
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Scientists & Societies p1050
Keith Micoli
doi: 10.1038/nj7036-1050b
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Movers p1050
doi: 10.1038/nj7036-1050c
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Top of pageFutures
Oscar night, 2054 p1052
A collection of heavenly bodies.
Syne Mitchell
doi: 10.1038/4341052a
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