| 2005年04月14日 Nature中文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛
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|  | Volume 434 Number 7035 pp807-940
封面故事：肿瘤的发育
两个小组在本期Nature上报告了他们的最新发现，这些发现有可能对我们关于癌症发育的观点产生重大影响。两个小组都对处在不同发育阶段的肿瘤（如膀胱癌、乳腺癌、结肠直肠癌、以及肺癌和皮肤癌等）进行了研究，寻找DNA受损响应的标志。而且，两个小组都发现，癌症发育早期阶段与一个主动的DNA受损响应和P53-依赖型细胞死亡有关。这表明，癌变事件所诱导的DNA受损响应是一种强有力的肿瘤抑制机制，而且也可以解释癌症前期病灶中P53突变的选择性压力。重要的是，DNA受损检查点的激发出现在染色体不稳定和恶变之前。本期封面所示为肺部增生中的53BP1病灶（绿颜色，指示DNA受损检查点的激发）。
月球上置房产？
是否想过在月球上有一处房产？月球上Peary环形山的北缘就可能是这样一个地方。根据由“克来门汀”飞船获得的图像绘制的月球北极的照明图显示，Peary环形山周围的地方永久处在阳光照射之下，所以这些地方将是人类远征月球时的最佳立足地点。这些地方除了太阳能充足外，与月球赤道地区相比气温也要温和得多，而且附近处在永久阴影中的地区还可能含有水冰。
“先天性巨结肠"病的病理研究
“先天性巨结肠"病(Hirschsprung's disease)是一种罕见的先天性肠道疾病，患这种病者，其体内控制肠道节律性收缩的神经节细胞没有了。这种病发生在家族中，患者男性多于女性，但它有复杂的遗传模式。现在，通过将来自比较基因组学和单倍体绘图的数据结合起来，研究人员得以能够在为受体酪氨酸激酶RET 编码的基因中确定一个常见的非编码突变的位置。这一等位基因在一半人群中相对比较普遍，只是在存在额外突变的条件下才引起“先天性巨结肠"病。本研究中所使用的方法也可用来研究其他复杂疾病的性质。
第二个缺乏金属的恒星
当HE0107-5240于2002年被发现时，它是当时已知最缺乏金属的恒星。（天体物理学家把除氢和氦之外的所有元素都称为“金属”。）它的铁丰度比以前所记录的水平低20倍，说明它是宇宙中的一个遗迹，是在“大爆炸”之后不久形成的一个恒星。现在，科学家发现了第二个“没有演化的”恒星HE1327-2326，其铁丰度大约只有HE0107-5240的一半。发现一个低金属恒星是一件新鲜事，发现两个说明它们是一类新的恒星。这两个恒星遗迹之间的相似性（碳和氮含量相似）和差异性（锂和锶含量不同）向恒星形成理论提出了挑战，并且还可能导致关于这些元素在最早的恒星中是怎样合成出来的新发现。
太阳系外大多数行星轨道何以偏心
我们的太阳系中的行星都在附近的轨道中运动，因为它们可能是一个原始恒星盘中所发生的凝结和增长的产物。然而，迄今为止在附近恒星周围探测到的150个以上的太阳系外行星中大多数都在偏心的轨道中运动。对Upsilon Andromedae（行星动力学中的“罗塞塔石碑”，即解密工具）周围的三个巨型行星所做的观测表明，如果这些行星诞生在附近的椭圆形轨道中、后来被其与另一个现在已经从其体系中失去的行星之间的相互作用所干扰的话，这些行星轨道的偏心就可以得到解释。对轨道偏心进行研究，对于行星形成模型的建立、对于那些对有陆地的行星上所谓的可居住区域的程度感兴趣的天文学家来说都是有意义的。
具有光诱导形状记忆功能的聚合物材料
当一棵植物调整其叶子的位置以朝向阳光时，它把阳光用作一种的方向信息。现在，一种表现出与这一生物体系有一个相似功能的合成聚合物已被生产出来。用这种光敏“形状记忆聚合物”做成的一个物品可以变形成一个新的临时形状，然后被正确波长的光固定在那个形状上。这种材料中的分子开关是光敏官能团，它们根据不同波长的光来彼此连接和断开。具有光诱导形状记忆的聚合物材料有可能在医疗设备、微系统技术和智能表面工程中找到用途。
地幔中的物质循环
关于深层地球的一个新模型可让地球物理学家去测量石质地幔和地核边界附近的地球温度的变化。利用在地球地幔最低部分中（在那里，在极端压力和温度下，原子本身会在晶体中进行重排）最近发现的一个相变，该模型还可解释地幔这一部分的奇怪特征，如反射由大地震产生的地震波的斑块区域以及存在致密部分熔化现象的迹象等。结合观测数据来看，该模型的结果说明地幔那个部分中可能存在非常大的温度变化，这为整个地幔中存在物质循环的观点提供了更多证据。
西非发现新的两栖动物化石
我们关于距今2.5亿年前的“古生代”末期脊椎动物演化的那个迷人时期的大多数知识，都是基于来自非洲南部及来自成为今天的中国和俄罗斯的那个区域的动物化石。现在，在西非尼日尔“上二叠纪”地层中两个以前未知的两栖物种化石的发现，使我们对一种很不相同的动物能够有所了解，它们表明，“二叠纪”脊椎动物之间的差异要比人们所以为的更大，它们也许还能为我们提供了解当时的全球超级大陆“盘古大陆”（Pangaea）上气候差异的一个窗口。
胚胎神经生长的引导机制
两个小组在本期Nature上发表的研究结果表明，胚胎神经依靠未曾料到的传感装置来引导它们的生长。这些发现可帮助科学家更好地了解大脑的神经系统。由“瞬时受体势”（TRP）蛋白形成的离子通道允许成年传感器官对温度、机械压力或味道等作出反应。现在，Gordon Wang 和 Mu-ming Poo在一个未曾料到的地方发现了TRP通道，这个地方就是胚胎神经的末梢，在那里，它们所控制的钙离子流允许神经朝向或远离引导分子生长。另一个小组发现，TRP通道在引导来自发育中的小脑的神经元的神经生长的过程中起类似作用。
能够引起肿瘤的结构性逆转录病毒蛋白
由“绵羊逆转录病毒”（JSRV）引起的肺癌（引人注目的是，世界上第一只克隆绵羊“多莉”就死于这种病），可被该病毒的仅仅一个结构蛋白的表达所复制，该蛋白即包膜蛋白Env。这是第一例能够引起肿瘤的结构性逆转录病毒蛋白，在所有病毒中是罕见的、如果不是独特的话。令人吃惊的是，表达Env的免疫缺陷小鼠也患肺癌，而免疫活性小鼠却很少患。免疫系统能阻止肿瘤发生。绵羊的免疫系统是容忍这种病毒的，这可解释为什么JSRV似乎不影响大多数其他动物，包括人类。然而，有人认为，人类肺癌部分原因可能是由于一种与JSRV相似的逆转录病毒，这些新的研究成果将使科学家们把寻找这种病毒的工作重点放在免疫系统出了问题的对象身上。
PARP酶在乳腺癌疗法中的作用
研究发现，BRCA1/2突变细胞（它们在DNA修复的同源重组通道中是有缺陷的）对PARP酶（参与碱基切补修复）的抑制极为敏感。这一发现为由BRCA突变引起的妇女乳腺癌的治疗找到一种新的、毒性小得多的治疗方法。因为PARP抑制因子对具有功能性同源重组的细胞没有作用，所以人们的希望是，这种新疗法只针对乳腺癌细胞。通过开发PARP抑制化疗方法，也许有可能研制成利用一种“合成毒药"效应的药物来，可以用这种药物来代替传统的非针对性细胞毒性抗癌疗法。
本期目录：
Editorial
Don't rely on Uncle Sam p807
European regulators should pursue their own investigation into how the 'wrong' genetically modified corn was allowed on the market for years. Unfortunately, their US equivalents show little sign of rising to the challenge.
doi: 10.1038/434807a
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Top of pageNews
Divergent local laws threaten to stifle Europe's stem-cell project p809
Germans and Italians placed in legal quagmire
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/434809a
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US health officials rally behind bid to relax rules on embryo research p809
NIH backs plea by scientists for access to more cells.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/434809b
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Law change imperils studies of ancient human remains p810
Anthropologists horrified as US bill gains momentum
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/434810b
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Vaccination will work better than culling, say bird flu experts p810
Control strategy changes tack, now H5N1 virus is endemic
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/4344810a
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Shuttle reports for duty...despite the risks p811
Launches to resume, two years after disaster
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/434811a
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Ideas abound as Japan aims to boost its space image p811
But critics claim 20-year plan lacks focus
Ichiko Fuyuno
doi: 10.1038/434811b
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Health study sets sights on a million people p812
Huge Asian project to track genes, lifestyle and health
David Cyranoski and Rachael Williams
doi: 10.1038/434812a
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Gene therapists urged to learn more immunology p812
Troubled field can bounce back, if practitioners make changes
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/434812b
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Palestinian unease sparks fresh calls for Israeli boycott p813
Dissenters fear that research ties legitamize occupation
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/434813a
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War of words deepens divide over biodefence funds p813
Microbiologists and research chiefs clash again
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/434813b
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news in brief p814
doi: 10.1038/434814a
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Top of pageNews Features
Climate science: The dustiest place on Earth p816
Dust clouds can cool the Earth and halt hurricanes. But the world's biggest dust source was until recently a war zone. Jim Giles joins one of the few research teams to make the trip.
doi: 10.1038/434816a
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Physics and the public: Science as illusion p820
When a magician uses science to present his tricks, the effects are seductive. Alison Abbott takes a masterclass in sorcery.
doi: 10.1038/434820a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Influenza drug could abort a pandemic p821
It should be taken, not pre-emptively, but after infection is revealed by a rapid flu test.
Graeme Laver
doi: 10.1038/434821a
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Changes in China call for new health solutions p821
Yonghong Li
doi: 10.1038/434821b
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NIH conflicts rules are not right for universities p821
David Korn and Susan H. Ehringhaus
doi: 10.1038/434821c
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Touching memories p823
A reminder of the joy and sorrow of reminiscence.
Yadin Dudai reviews Why Life Speeds Up As You Get Older: How Memory Shapes Our Past by Douwe Draaisma
doi: 10.1038/434823a
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Down to business p824
Graham Richards reviews University, Inc: The Corporate Corruption of Higher Education by Jennifer Washburn
doi: 10.1038/434824a
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Exhibition: Passing thoughts p824
doi: 10.1038/434824b
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Politics and history through the mill p825
Robert Tripp reviews Maize and Grace: Africa's Encounter with a New World Crop 1500?2000 by James C. McCann
doi: 10.1038/434825a
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Top of pageEssay
Turning points
Flight of fancy p827
How an 'eccentric' line of research proved its worth.
Carol Robinson
doi: 10.1038/434827a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Medicine: Aborting the birth of cancer p829
Can cells sense and stop uncontrolled division driven by cancer-promoting stimuli? Perhaps so, given evidence that aberrant division can trigger the cellular response to DNA damage — blocking growth — at early stages in human cancer.
Ashok R. Venkitaraman
doi: 10.1038/434829a
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See also: Editor's summary
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Climate change: Water cycle shifts gear p830
Various studies indicate that the hydrological cycle is speeding up at high northern latitudes. The resulting increase in freshwater flow into the Arctic Ocean is predicted to have long-range effects.
Thomas F. Stocker and Christoph C. Raible
doi: 10.1038/434830a
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Evolution: Warm-hearted crocs p833
Our ideas about how crocodiles evolved have just taken a battering. It seems that these cold-blooded creatures, with their limited capacity for prolonged activity, might have had active, warm-blooded ancestors.
Adam P. Summers
doi: 10.1038/434833a
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Geophysics: Double-crossed again p834
An idea that a mineral phase transition may occur not once, but twice, close to the core?mantle boundary has been tested with seismic data. The resulting picture of the deep Earth is sure to provoke debate.
Michael E. Wysession and Viatcheslav S. Solomatov
doi: 10.1038/434834a
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Neurobiology: Channels for pathfinding p835
TRP channels are best known for their role in sensory systems: detecting heat and cold, taste, pain and so on. Unexpectedly, they have also been shown to help the growing axons of nerve cells find their way.
Timothy Gomez
doi: 10.1038/434835a
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100 and 50 years ago p837
doi: 10.1038/434837a
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Astrophysics: Two's company p838
The matter from which the first stars formed was that left behind by the Big Bang. Stars containing extremely small amounts of heavy elements such as iron provide clues to the chemical composition of this matter.
Roger Cayrel
doi: 10.1038/434838a
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research highlights p839
doi: 10.1038/434839a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Greenhouse gases: Low methane leakage from gas pipelines p841
A switch from coal or oil to natural gas could mitigate climate effects in the short term.
J. Lelieveld, S. Lechtenb?hmer, S. S. Assonov, C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, C. Dienst, M. Fischedick and T. Hanke
doi: 10.1038/434841a
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Planetary science: Constant illumination at the lunar north pole p842
D. Ben J. Bussey, Kirsten E. Fristad, Paul M. Schenk, Mark S. Robinson and Paul D. Spudis
doi: 10.1038/434842a
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (152K)
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Top of pageReview Article
Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer p843
Tannishtha Reya and Hans Clevers
doi: 10.1038/nature03319
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (4,285K)
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Top of pageArticles
Lead isotopes reveal bilateral asymmetry and vertical continuity in the Hawaiian mantle plume p851
W. Abouchami, A. W. Hofmann, S. J. G. Galer, F. A. Frey, J. Eisele and M. Feigenson
doi: 10.1038/nature03402
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (313K) | Supplementary information
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A common sex-dependent mutation in a RET enhancer underlies Hirschsprung disease risk p857
Eileen Sproat Emison, Andrew S. McCallion, Carl S. Kashuk, Richard T. Bush, Elizabeth Grice, Shin Lin, Matthew E. Portnoy, David J. Cutler, Eric D. Green and Aravinda Chakravarti
doi: 10.1038/nature03467
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (416K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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DNA damage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis p864
Jirina Bartkova, Zuzana Hoejí, Karen Koed, Alwin Kr?mer, Frederic Tort, Karsten Zieger, Per Guldberg, Maxwell Sehested, Jahn M. Nesland, Claudia Lukas, Torben ?rntoft, Jiri Lukas and Jiri Bartek
doi: 10.1038/nature03482
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (483K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Venkitaraman
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Top of pageLetters to Nature
Nucleosynthetic signatures of the first stars p871
Anna Frebel, Wako Aoki, Norbert Christlieb, Hiroyasu Ando, Martin Asplund, Paul S. Barklem, Timothy C. Beers, Kjell Eriksson, Cora Fechner, Masayuki Y. Fujimoto, Satoshi Honda, Toshitaka Kajino, Takeo Minezaki, Ken'ichi Nomoto, John E. Norris, Sean G. Ryan, Masahide Takada-Hidai, Stelios Tsangarides and Yuzuru Yoshii
doi: 10.1038/nature03455
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (181K)
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Cayrel
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Planet?planet scattering in the upsilon Andromedae system p873
Eric B. Ford, Verene Lystad and Frederic A. Rasio
doi: 10.1038/nature03427
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (310K) | Supplementary information
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Sensitivity gains in chemosensing by lasing action in organic polymers p876
Aimée Rose, Zhengguo Zhu, Conor F. Madigan, Timothy M. Swager and Vladimir Bulovi
doi: 10.1038/nature03438
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Light-induced shape-memory polymers p879
Andreas Lendlein, Hongyan Jiang, Oliver Jünger and Robert Langer
doi: 10.1038/nature03496
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (287K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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A doubling of the post-perovskite phase boundary and structure of the Earth's lowermost mantle p882
John W. Hernlund, Christine Thomas and Paul J. Tackley
doi: 10.1038/nature03472
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (382K)
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Wysession & Solomatov
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Permian tetrapods from the Sahara show climate-controlled endemism in Pangaea p886
Christian A. Sidor, F. Robin O'Keefe, Ross Damiani, J. Sébastien Steyer, Roger M. H. Smith, Hans C. E. Larsson, Paul C. Sereno, Oumarou Ide and Abdoulaye Maga
doi: 10.1038/nature03393
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (349K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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Hair cell synaptic ribbons are essential for synchronous auditory signalling p889
Darina Khimich, Régis Nouvian, Rémy Pujol, Susanne tom Dieck, Alexander Egner, Eckart D. Gundelfinger and Tobias Moser
doi: 10.1038/nature03418
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Essential role of TRPC channels in the guidance of nerve growth cones by brain-derived neurotrophic factor p894
Yan Li, Yi-Chang Jia, Kai Cui, Ning Li, Zai-Yu Zheng, Yi-zheng Wang and Xiao-bing Yuan
doi: 10.1038/nature03477
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (377K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Gomez
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Requirement of TRPC channels in netrin-1-induced chemotropic turning of nerve growth cones p898
Gordon X. Wang and Mu-ming Poo
doi: 10.1038/nature03478
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (578K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Gomez
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Sheep retrovirus structural protein induces lung tumours p904
Sarah K. Wootton, Christine L. Halbert and A. Dusty Miller
doi: 10.1038/nature03492
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (698K)
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Activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and genomic instability in human precancerous lesions p907
Vassilis G. Gorgoulis, Leandros-Vassilios F. Vassiliou, Panagiotis Karakaidos, Panayotis Zacharatos, Athanassios Kotsinas, Triantafillos Liloglou, Monica Venere, Richard A. DiTullio, Jr, Nikolaos G. Kastrinakis, Brynn Levy, Dimitris Kletsas, Akihiro Yoneta, Meenhard Herlyn, Christos Kittas and Thanos D. Halazonetis
doi: 10.1038/nature03485
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (497K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Venkitaraman
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Specific killing of BRCA2-deficient tumours with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase p913
Helen E. Bryant, Niklas Schultz, Huw D. Thomas, Kayan M. Parker, Dan Flower, Elena Lopez, Suzanne Kyle, Mark Meuth, Nicola J. Curtin and Thomas Helleday
doi: 10.1038/nature03443
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (301K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Venkitaraman
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Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy p917
Hannah Farmer, Nuala McCabe, Christopher J. Lord, Andrew N. J. Tutt, Damian A. Johnson, Tobias B. Richardson, Manuela Santarosa, Krystyna J. Dillon, Ian Hickson, Charlotte Knights, Niall M. B. Martin, Stephen P. Jackson, Graeme C. M. Smith and Alan Ashworth
doi: 10.1038/nature03445
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (645K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Venkitaraman
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Transcriptional regulation of a metastasis suppressor gene by Tip60 and -catenin complexes p921
Jung Hwa Kim, Bogyou Kim, Ling Cai, Hee June Choi, Kenneth A. Ohgi, Chris Tran, Charlie Chen, Chin Ha Chung, Otmar Huber, David W. Rose, Charles L. Sawyers, Michael G. Rosenfeld and Sung Hee Baek
doi: 10.1038/nature03452
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (608K) | Supplementary information
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Structure of the apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 bound to ADP p926
Stefan J. Riedl, Wenyu Li, Yang Chao, Robert Schwarzenbacher and Yigong Shi
doi: 10.1038/nature03465
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (589K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospects
Out in the cold p935
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7035-935a
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Careers and Recruitment
High-energy career lines p936
As supplies of fossil fuels dwindle, the world is searching for alternative energy supplies. Materials scientists are in demand, says Virgina Gewin, but there are jobs in many areas.
Virginia Gewin
doi: 10.1038/nj7035-936a
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Career View
Graduate Journal: Home truths p938
Karolina Tkaczuk
doi: 10.1038/nj7035-938a
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Recruiters & Industry p938
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7035-938b
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Movers p938
doi: 10.1038/nj7035-938c
Full Text | PDF (73K)
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Top of pageFutures
I love liver: a romance p940
A design for life.
Larissa Lai
doi: 10.1038/434940a
Full Text | PDF (181K)
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