Volume 434 Number 7034 pp681-806
封面故事：700万年前的原人
四年前在乍得发现了被称为Toumai的头骨，从此引发了一场争论。动物学研究表明，该头骨的年龄接近700万年；而其较小的头盖则表明，它的大脑跟黑猩惺的大脑差不多大。发现Toumai的研究小组认为它属于一种原始人类，在黑猩猩与人类的分化中更靠近人类一边，但其他研究人员则认为它更像猿。现在，Toumai物种（Sahelanthrupus tchadensis）牙齿和颌骨碎片的发现表明，该物种与猿相差较远，而与黑猩猩和人类最后的共同祖先关系很近。对Toumai头盖所做的虚拟重建为该物种与人类之间的密切关系提供了更多证据。本期Nature封面上所刊登的是已知最早原始人类的面部。
只剩一颗牙齿的原人化石
左侧照片上这一保存完好的头骨来自横跨欧亚两洲的格鲁吉亚共和国的Dmanisi。这一地点已经为177万年前在非洲之外存在早期人类出土了另人吃惊的考古学证据，而关于这一新发现的引人注目之处是它的牙齿，或者说它的一颗牙齿。这个“人”在其死亡之前几年时间牙齿掉得只剩下了一颗，显然他或她能够靠吃不需要用力嚼的食物来生存。他或她也许吃的是软的植物和动物食品，也许在她或她所在的社会群体中的其他成员能给其提供帮助和支持，而这种帮助和支持超过了非人类的灵长类所能做到的程度。
人类2号和4号染色体全面注解
本期Nature发表了人类2号和4号染色体的全面注解的序列。这两个染色体一起共代表人类基因组估计大小的5%。2号染色体所含在遗传上活跃的序列在所有人类染色体中数量最大。就人类演化而言，2号染色体也是科学家们所特别感兴趣的，因为它是在人类和黑猩猩分化之后两个祖先染色体头对头融合的产物。
用线虫对付玉米根虫
研究发现，受名为叶甲的玉米根虫（Diabrotica）的幼虫攻击的玉米根能发出一种地下信号，该信号吸引一种线虫，它是这种玉米根虫的一种天敌。或者说某些玉米有这种本领。这种玉米根虫是北美最坏的玉米害虫，最近被引入到了欧洲，并迅速传播。原来，北美农民所使用的多数玉米品种都不再排放“倍半萜烯”化合物，导致线虫的感染率较低。这意味着，改用仍产生这种“引诱剂”的玉米品种，应能帮助吸引线虫，将其作为天然的生物控制试剂。
黑洞与恒星同步生长的证据
研究发现，每个附近星系里面都有一个巨大的中央黑洞，其质量与它的“恒星膨胀包”的质量直接成比例。该发现表明，该黑洞的生长和星系的恒星膨胀在某些方式上一定是同步的。这些恒星非常老，所以如果与黑洞生长有联系的话，那么这种联系一定出现在很长时间以前，距现在的时间超过80亿年。被称为SMG（亚毫米明亮星系）的遥远的明亮星系位于与这样大的年龄相关联的某个红移处，对SMG 所做的一次新的观测显示，黑洞和恒星同时生长，这为附近大质量星系的巨大黑洞-恒星膨胀包的生长阶段之间存在一种直接联系提供了第一个证据。
太阳系之外的星光
研究人员首次在地球上探测到来自太阳系之外的一颗行星所发出的光。该行星编号为HD 209458b，以前是由其引力在其主恒星轨道上所诱导的颤动识别出来的。它比木星稍大一些，但它的运行轨道与其主恒星之间的距离不到地球与太阳之间距离的1/20，这使它成为所谓的“热木星”行星。当该行星转到其主恒星后面时，来自这一区域的红外光的数量稍有减少，所减少的数量代表该行星所贡献出的光的多少。
燃料电池储氢机制研究的新进展
在“插合水合物”中，冰晶格容纳氢气分子。研究人员提出，可用这种物质作为候选物质，来在燃料电池中储存氢。一些II-型结构的水合物（有两个不同大小的分子笼）已经具有了很好的储氢功能。然而，它们的合成和性能所要求的严格的条件使得这种材料的实际应用相当不现实。现在，研究人员开发出了具有II-型结构的气体水合物，并通过向这种材料的组成中引入数量受到控制的一种水溶性客体物质（四氢呋喃）使其稳定，这样便使这些材料用于储氢在实践上的可行性更大了一些。四氢呋喃的存在能使插合物的大笼和小笼都含有氢，在合理的压力条件下能使氢的吸收达到4%（重量比），从而使这些体系朝着某些燃料电池应用可以接受的目标更近了一步。研究人员还提出了提高吸收和释放动力的一种方法。这一涉及水合物促进剂和气态客体分子的通用微调机制为今后的应用带来的希望更大。
地震能量的消耗
奇怪的是，当考虑我们在地表所看到的作用力时，并非一次地震中所涉及的所有能量都转变成了地面运动，其中很多能量在摩擦加热和岩石碎裂中被消耗掉了。对从美国加州San Andreas断层和从南非一个金矿2公里深处的一个断裂带收集到的碎裂岩石所做的一次分析的结果，与人们常见的认为碎裂岩石表面能量在地震能量平衡中是一个可以忽略的成分的观点是矛盾的。该分析显示，在碎裂岩石样品中有未曾料到的碎粒，其质地表明，碎裂是深层地震能量的主要消耗者，而非摩擦加热。这也许可解释在San Andreas断层体系中所看到的热流异常，也许还可解释地震能量学中其他一些长期未解之谜。
可能与结核病有关的基因
被结核杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis）感染的10个人中仅有约1人在临床上真会患上结核病。压力、营养不良、同时伴随感染以及年龄等都影响易感性，身体在遗传上的抵抗力也影响易感性。现在，研究人员在小鼠身上识别出一种调节对结核病先天免疫力的基因。该基因名叫“细胞内病原体抗性基因”（Ipr1），它在巨噬细胞中的表达不仅限制结核杆菌的表达，而且还限制李斯特菌（Listeria monocytogenes）的表达。人体中与Ipr1蛋白最接近的同源蛋白（41%相同）是核体蛋白SP110，所以SP110基因是验证与结核病易感性之间联系的一个候选基因。
哮喘病肺部气管的变化
更好地了解哮喘发作时所发生的生理变化，可能有助于哮喘的治疗，世界范围内这种病在儿童中越来越流行。一项新的研究表明，在哮喘发作时，肺部较大气流通道中有任何阻塞，会在肺部其他气流通道中产生破坏性影响。Venegas等人利用肺部的正电子图像来跟踪哮喘患者的肺部气管的分布情况。由受限制的气管自我组织形成的团簇减少流向小气管的气流，使得它们更容易堵塞。这些发现也许可帮助解释为什么吸入的哮喘药物并不总是有效。
THC用于治疗心血管病
人们对大麻成分的免疫抑制和消炎效应已经很了解了，临床前研究为用它们来治疗多发性硬化和风湿性关节炎等自免疫疾病提供了理论依据。动脉硬化症现在被认定为大动脉的一种炎症，所以在一个小鼠动脉硬化症模型中试验大麻成分THC（四氢大麻酚）的这些效应是有道理的。以非常低的剂量口服THC，在小鼠模型中对已经形成的动脉硬化症的确有疗效，这说明该药物有一种新颖的用途，即用于心血管病的治疗。
本期目录：
Editorial
Uncomfortable truths p681
A thorough investigation of German scientists' actions under the Nazi regime reveals a more complex and ambiguous story than that implanted in the public mind at the end of the Second World War.
doi: 10.1038/434681a
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Top of pageNews
Warning system steps up a gear for fresh Indonesian earthquake p683
Alerts about risk of tsunami spread quickly.
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/434683a
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Pope praised for partial conciliation of science and religion p684
Scientists pay their respects to John Paul II.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/434684a
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Nuclear chiefs scotch story on frailty of ageing warheads p684
Thirty-year-old nuclear bombs do not have a design flaw, say scientists.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi: 10.1038/434684b
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Job switch stymies Japan's abduction probe p685
Geneticist's new post could stop him testifying about DNA tests.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/434685a
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Image problems jeopardize comet mission's impact p685
NASA engineers struggle to focus their comet camera.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/434685b
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Global health agency split over potential anti-terrorism duties p686
Bioterror role could compromise World Health Organization, critics say.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/434686a
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Professors bristle as states act to mould lecture content p686
Academics are fighting right-wing 'bills of rights'.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/434686b
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US abandons health study on Agent Orange p687
Cultural divide condemns Vietnam project.
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/434687a
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Postdocs slam zealous attitude of NIH ethics office p687
Ethical rules now defy common sense, researchers say.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/434687b
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news in brief p688
doi: 10.1038/434688a
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Top of pageNews Features
Tropical medicine: Melioidosis? Never heard of it... p692
Deadly tropical infections that kill within 48 hours don't usually go unnoticed. But one killer has been largely ignored for decades. Now, thanks to worries about bioterror, it is being taken more seriously. Peter Aldhous reports.
doi: 10.1038/434692a
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Stem-cell research: After the gold rush p694
California's voters have authorized the spending of $3 billion over the next decade on stem-cell research. But will this bonanza bring threats as well as opportunities? Peter Aldhous weighs the hopes and fears.
doi: 10.1038/434694a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Arrogance imperils plans for change at Harvard p697
An abrasive president may find it counterproductive to alienate so much of the faculty.
Ben A. Barres
doi: 10.1038/434697a
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DNA barcoding is no substitute for taxonomy p697
Malte C. Ebach and Craig Holdrege
doi: 10.1038/434697b
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Don't mix radiocarbon and calendar years p697
Chris Tyler-Smith, Matthew E. Hurles and Mark A. Jobling
doi: 10.1038/434697c
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Top of pageCommentary
A global call for new polio vaccines p699
The end is near but eradication will not be as simple as once thought.
doi: 10.1038/434699a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Emerging physics p701
A fresh approach to viewing the complexity of the Universe.
Philip Anderson reviews A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down by Robert Laughlin
doi: 10.1038/434701a
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Don't talk to the animals p702
Neil Smith reviews Doctor Dolittle's Delusion: Animals and the Uniqueness of Human Language by Stephen R. Anderson
doi: 10.1038/434702a
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Exhibition: Hirst's hobbit p702
Michael Hopkin
doi: 10.1038/434702b
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Aventis Science Book Prize shortlist announced p703
doi: 10.1038/434703a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
Stirring the primordial soup p705
RNA world: does changing the direction of replication make RNA life viable?
William R. Taylor
doi: 10.1038/434705a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Planetary science : A planet that blinks p707
Infrared radiation from two extrasolar planets has been measured from the dip in total light as the planets pass behind their parent stars — a milestone on the road to the direct imaging of such planets.
Karl Stapelfeldt
doi: 10.1038/434707a
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Pharmacology: Marijuana and your heart p708
Marijuana smoke can have harmful effects on the heart. But one of its active components may ease inflammation and slow the progression of coronary artery disease.
Michael D. Roth
doi: 10.1038/434708a
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Tuberculosis: The genetics of vulnerability p709
Susceptibility to tuberculosis is known to be under complex genetic control in humans, but what are the genes involved? A mouse strain that is unusually prone to the disease shows the way.
Nada Jabado and Philippe Gros
doi: 10.1038/434709a
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100 and 50 years ago p711
doi: 10.1038/434711a
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Technology: Hydrogen and hydrates p712
It's a potentially explosive issue. How can hydrogen be stored cleanly, efficiently and, above all, safely? One answer would appear to be: take a cage made of water, and add just a little organic solvent.
Ferdi Schüth
doi: 10.1038/434712a
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Environmental science: Germ theory for ailing corals p713
Human activities damage coral reef ecosystems. Application of the 'germ theory', proposed more than a century ago for human diseases, could foster action on global environmental ailments such as this.
Stephen R. Palumbi
doi: 10.1038/434713a
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Developmental biology: Reproduction in clusters p715
Homeobox genes have some quirky features: they huddle together and tend to be expressed in the order that they appear in their cluster. A new cluster, specific to reproductive development, has now been discovered.
Fran?ois Spitz and Denis Duboule
doi: 10.1038/434715a
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Evolutionary biology: Channels of resistance p716
Rory Howlett
doi: 10.1038/434716a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
History of science: Dante's insight into galilean invariance p717
The poet's vividly imagined flight unwittingly captures a physical law of motion.
Leonardo Ricci
doi: 10.1038/434717a
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Anthropology: The earliest toothless hominin skull p717
David Lordkipanidze, Abesalom Vekua, Reid Ferring, G. Philip Rightmire, Jordi Agusti, Gocha Kiladze, Alexander Mouskhelishvili, Medea Nioradze, Marcia S. Ponce de León, Martha Tappen and Christoph P. E. Zollikofer
doi: 10.1038/434717b
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Top of pageArticles
Modes of faulting at mid-ocean ridges p719
W. Roger Buck, Luc L. Lavier and Alexei N. B. Poliakov
doi: 10.1038/nature03358
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (290K) | Supplementary information
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Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4 p724
LaDeana W. Hillier, Tina A. Graves, Robert S. Fulton, Lucinda A. Fulton, Kymberlie H. Pepin, Patrick Minx, Caryn Wagner-McPherson, Dan Layman, Kristine Wylie, Mandeep Sekhon, Michael C. Becker, Ginger A. Fewell, Kimberly D. Delehaunty, Tracie L. Miner, William E. Nash, Colin Kremitzki, Lachlan Oddy, Hui Du, Hui Sun, Holland Bradshaw-Cordum, Johar Ali, Jason Carter, Matt Cordes, Anthony Harris, Amber Isak, Andrew van Brunt, Christine Nguyen, Feiyu Du, Laura Courtney, Joelle Kalicki, Philip Ozersky, Scott Abbott, Jon Armstrong, Edward A. Belter, Lauren Caruso, Maria Cedroni, Marc Cotton, Teresa Davidson, Anu Desai, Glendoria Elliott, Thomas Erb, Catrina Fronick, Tony Gaige, William Haakenson, Krista Haglund, Andrea Holmes, Richard Harkins, Kyung Kim, Scott S. Kruchowski, Cynthia Madsen Strong, Neenu Grewal, Ernest Goyea, Shunfang Hou, Andrew Levy, Scott Martinka, Kelly Mead, Michael D. McLellan, Rick Meyer, Jennifer Randall-Maher, Chad Tomlinson, Sara Dauphin-Kohlberg, Amy Kozlowicz-Reilly, Neha Shah, Sharhonda Swearengen-Shahid, Jacqueline Snider, Joseph T. Strong, Johanna Thompson, Martin Yoakum, Shawn Leonard, Charlene Pearman, Lee Trani, Maxim Radionenko, Jason E. Waligorski, Chunyan Wang, Susan M. Rock, Aye-Mon Tin-Wollam, Rachel Maupin, Phil Latreille, Michael C. Wendl, Shiaw-Pyng Yang, Craig Pohl, John W. Wallis, John Spieth, Tamberlyn A. Bieri, Nicolas Berkowicz, Joanne O. Nelson, John Osborne, Li Ding, Rekha Meyer, Aniko Sabo, Yoram Shotland, Prashant Sinha, Patricia E. Wohldmann, Lisa L. Cook, Matthew T. Hickenbotham, James Eldred, Donald Williams, Thomas A. Jones, Xinwei She, Francesca D. Ciccarelli, Elisa Izaurralde, James Taylor, Jeremy Schmutz, Richard M. Myers, David R. Cox, Xiaoqiu Huang, John D. McPherson, Elaine R. Mardis, Sandra W. Clifton, Wesley C. Warren, Asif T. Chinwalla, Sean R. Eddy, Marco A. Marra, Ivan Ovcharenko, Terrence S. Furey, Webb Miller, Evan E. Eichler, Peer Bork, Mikita Suyama, David Torrents, Robert H. Waterston and Richard K. Wilson
doi: 10.1038/nature03466
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (431K) | Supplementary information
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Recruitment of entomopathogenic nematodes by insect-damaged maize roots p732
Sergio Rasmann, Tobias G. K?llner, J?rg Degenhardt, Ivan Hiltpold, Stefan Toepfer, Ulrich Kuhlmann, Jonathan Gershenzon and Ted C. J. Turlings
doi: 10.1038/nature03451
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (344K)
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Top of pageLetters to Nature
Rapid growth of black holes in massive star-forming galaxies p738
D. M. Alexander, I. Smail, F. E. Bauer, S. C. Chapman, A. W. Blain, W. N. Brandt and R. J. Ivison
doi: 10.1038/nature03473
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (265K)
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Infrared radiation from an extrasolar planet p740
Drake Deming, Sara Seager, L. Jeremy Richardson and Joseph Harrington
doi: 10.1038/nature03507
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (577K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Stapelfeldt
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Tuning clathrate hydrates for hydrogen storage p743
Huen Lee, Jong-won Lee, Do Youn Kim, Jeasung Park, Yu-Taek Seo, Huang Zeng, Igor L. Moudrakovski, Christopher I. Ratcliffe and John A. Ripmeester
doi: 10.1038/nature03457
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (273K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Schüth
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Water content in the transition zone from electrical conductivity of wadsleyite and ringwoodite p746
Xiaoge Huang, Yousheng Xu and Shun-ichiro Karato
doi: 10.1038/nature03426
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Particle size and energetics of gouge from earthquake rupture zones p749
Brent Wilson, Thomas Dewers, Ze'ev Reches and James Brune
doi: 10.1038/nature03433
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New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad p752
Michel Brunet, Franck Guy, David Pilbeam, Daniel E. Lieberman, Andossa Likius, Hassane T. Mackaye, Marcia S. Ponce de León, Christoph P. E. Zollikofer and Patrick Vignaud
doi: 10.1038/nature03392
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Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis p755
Christoph P. E. Zollikofer, Marcia S. Ponce de León, Daniel E. Lieberman, Franck Guy, David Pilbeam, Andossa Likius, Hassane T. Mackaye, Patrick Vignaud and Michel Brunet
doi: 10.1038/nature03397
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (328K) | Supplementary information
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Evolutionary diversification of TTX-resistant sodium channels in a predator?prey interaction p759
Shana L. Geffeney, Esther Fujimoto, Edmund D. Brodie, III, Edmund D. Brodie, Jr and Peter C. Ruben
doi: 10.1038/nature03444
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Sodium channel mutation leading to saxitoxin resistance in clams increases risk of PSP p763
V. Monica Bricelj, Laurie Connell, Keiichi Konoki, Scott P. MacQuarrie, Todd Scheuer, William A. Catterall and Vera L. Trainer
doi: 10.1038/nature03415
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Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis p767
Hui Pan, Bo-Shiun Yan, Mauricio Rojas, Yuriy V. Shebzukhov, Hongwei Zhou, Lester Kobzik, Darren E. Higgins, Mark J. Daly, Barry R. Bloom and Igor Kramnik
doi: 10.1038/nature03419
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (428K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Jabado & Gros
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IRF-7 is the master regulator of type-I interferon-dependent immune responses p772
Kenya Honda, Hideyuki Yanai, Hideo Negishi, Masataka Asagiri, Mitsuharu Sato, Tatsuaki Mizutani, Naoya Shimada, Yusuke Ohba, Akinori Takaoka, Nobuaki Yoshida and Tadatsugu Taniguchi
doi: 10.1038/nature03464
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Self-organized patchiness in asthma as a prelude to catastrophic shifts p777
Jose G. Venegas, Tilo Winkler, Guido Musch, Marcos F. Vidal Melo, Dominick Layfield, Nora Tgavalekos, Alan J. Fischman, Ronald J. Callahan, Giacomo Bellani and R. Scott Harris
doi: 10.1038/nature03490
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (444K) | Supplementary information
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Low dose oral cannabinoid therapy reduces progression of atherosclerosis in mice p782
Sabine Steffens, Niels R. Veillard, Claire Arnaud, Graziano Pelli, Fabienne Burger, Christian Staub, Andreas Zimmer, Jean-Louis Frossard and Fran?ois Mach
doi: 10.1038/nature03389
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (420K)
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Impairment of angiogenesis and cell migration by targeted aquaporin-1 gene disruption p786
Samira Saadoun, Marios C. Papadopoulos, Mariko Hara-Chikuma and A. S. Verkman
doi: 10.1038/nature03460
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (421K) | Supplementary information
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Addendum: Strong polarization enhancement in asymmetric three-component ferroelectric superlattices p792
Ho Nyung Lee, Hans M. Christen, Matthew F. Chisholm, Christopher M. Rouleau and Douglas H. Lowndes
doi: 10.1038/nature03517
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Erratum : Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion p792
Giovanni Muttoni, Elisabetta Erba, Dennis V. Kent and Valerian Bachtadse
doi: 10.1038/nature03545
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Top of pageTechnology Features
Protein purification: Pure but not simple p795
Protein purification is stepping into the limelight, as proteomics researchers demand faster ways to purify more proteins. Tim Chapman looks at what is around to help them.
Tim Chapman
doi: 10.1038/434795a
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Small-scale separation p795
doi: 10.1038/434795b
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Attracting attention p796
doi: 10.1038/434796a
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Automation in two dimensions p797
doi: 10.1038/434797a
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Table of suppliers p799
doi: 10.1038/434799a
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospects
Guiding hands p801
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7034-801a
Full Text | PDF (124K)
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Special report
Model mentors p802
We all know a special person who has inspired us. Paul Smaglik learns from the winners of the first UK award for excellent mentoring in science.
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7034-802a
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Career View
Graduate Journal: Goodbye to romance p804
Tobias Langenhan
doi: 10.1038/nj7034-804a
Full Text | PDF (81K)
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Nuts & Bolts p804
Deb Koen
doi: 10.1038/nj7034-804b
Full Text | PDF (81K)
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Movers p804
doi: 10.1038/nj7034-804c
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Top of pageFutures
Ivory Tower p806
A place to call our own.
Bruce Sterling
doi: 10.1038/434806a
Full Text | PDF (358K)
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