| 2005年03月10日 Nature中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
|  | Volume 434 Number 7030 pp123-256
封面故事：来自“土卫六”的新消息
土星最大的卫星“土卫六”（Titan）是太阳系中有实质性大气层的唯一卫星，对负责在“卡西尼”飞船上搭载的成像实验的研究小组来说是一个诱人的目标。在接近土星体系过程中、以及在2004年7月、10月和12月掠过土星期间拍摄的图像，显示了一系列薄雾层、被风吹动的云、以及分辨率达到1公里的地表特征（包括可能是较大渠道的雕刻线和可能是碰撞坑的圆形地貌）。表面反照率（亮度）模式与被风、被地质构造和被液体改造过的特征是一致的，尽管没有直接证据表明“土卫六” 表面上今天存在液体。在本期Nature上，“卡西尼成像科学子课题”课题组对他们的研究结果做了详细分析（Article, p. 159）。2004年12月16日拍摄的“土卫六”夜晚一面的图像表明，在赤道以南、紧靠赤道的上层大气中约有12个明显的薄雾层。（colorized UV, from NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute）
单向量子计算首次实现
2001年，Robert Raussendorf 和Hans Briegel提出了量子计算的一种新方法。在此之前，大多数实验都涉及由量子逻辑门构成的一个序列网络中单个粒子（量子位）之间的一系列相互作用。Robert Raussendorf 和Hans Briegel设想出基于一组特定纠缠态（即“团簇状态”）的计算方法。按照这种方法，一台量子计算机在一个“团簇状态”被启动，然后计算过程通过在该“团簇”中各个量子位上进行单粒子测量来进行。测量结果在这个状态上“烙出”一个量子逻辑电路，该电路会破坏其纠缠状态，使这一过程不可逆转。于是，这一体系被叫做“单向量子计算”。Walther等人现在报告了一个重要的实验进展：首次实现了“团簇状态”和“团簇状态”的量子计算。该“团簇”是在四个光子的偏振状态实现的，计算过程通过一组一位或两位的运算进行。
甲烷单氧酶的结构
甲烷是天然气主要成分，所以人们对将其转化成如甲醇等液体来替代汽油的方法非常感兴趣。但甲烷也是最惰性的烃类物质之一，尚未开发出实用的催化剂来解决这一问题。然而，吃甲烷的细菌却解决了这个问题，它们大多数都是用甲烷单氧酶来帮忙的。现在，研究人员已以2.8埃的分辨率确定了这种酶的结构，它显示该蛋白含有三个单体和三个金属中心。今后要进行的研究工作是，确定这三个金属中心中哪个是有催化作用的，以及氧化甲烷所需的电子是怎样输送的。这些工作可帮助开发合成催化剂，来将甲烷转化成甲醇。
最大的恒星应多大
在我们银河系中心附近的一个致密的、大质量年轻星团，包含回答一个有趣问题的线索：可以形成的最大质量的恒星是什么？Arches星团的大小是散布在银河系中的典型星团的10倍，大到足以容纳有500个或更多太阳质量的恒星（如果它们存在的话）。理论认为，该星团应包含18个恒星，其大小超过130个太阳质量。但“哈伯太空望远镜”的观测结果表明，没有恒星在这个大小范围内，150个太阳质量是一个恒星的最大质量。
水的记忆力
水有很多独特之处，这些特征可将其与其他液体区分开来。这些性能的一个关键是，将高度极化的水分子连接在一起的动态氢键网络。羟基（OH）伸展振动的红外线光谱非常适合用来研究这一网络的动态和结构，但是，技术上的局限性使得研究人员一直需要使用同位素取代的水的混合物，来观察正常水中的重氢氧键（OD）。现在，通过使用一种超薄样本细胞，研究人员在纯水中对氢键网络的行为做了研究，所获得的结果是令人吃惊的：水在50飞秒（10的负15次方秒）内失去其关于结构关联的记忆，比以前所看到的速度快得多。这有利于基本激发态的迅速松弛，从而可能有助于与周围的水有强烈相互作用的生物体系的稳定。
海洋动物分类的古生物学研究
Jack Sepkoski以其去世后出版的“A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera"一书，掀起了古生物学上的一个新浪潮：即根据所编篡的分类数据来研究生命史上的主要模式。该数据库（它记录了超过36000个海洋动物属在地层中最早和最后的出现）已按照最新地层时间尺度被重新分析，显示出在化石属多样性中存在一个以前没有被发现的6200万年的周期。目前对此尚没有解释，但涉及气候、环境、地质和天体物理因素的各种不同模型，应能提供可以验证的预测，来帮助解开这个秘密。
疟疾的全球分布图
一个新的“疟疾图”显示，该疾病远不像过去人们所想的那么普遍。关于疟疾造成的公共卫生压力在全球的分布仍然没有可靠的估计数字，这使得人们没有可能根据客观证据来分配用于疟疾控制的资源。Snow等人为了改变这种状况，开发出一个由镰刀形疟原虫引起的疟疾临床发病情况的全球分布图，其中采用了流行病学、地理学和人口统计学数据。最低发病数量在2002年总共约5亿例，比世界卫生组织（WHO）的数字高50%。对非洲以外的地区，新的估计数字是WHO数字的两倍，这反映了某些国家在报告程序上存在缺陷。
海洋中的死亡区
营养物从农业地区和城市的流失，是对世界海洋的一个越来越大的威胁，正如在“Pew Oceans Commission”报告（）中和在“联合国环境规划署”的《全球环境展望年鉴2004》中所突出反映的那样。“联合国环境规划署”的年鉴列出了150个缺氧的海洋“死亡区”。对美国加州海湾所做的一项为期5年的研究，反映了海洋中缺氮区域对氮污染有多么脆弱。在这些区域，在向田间施肥几天时间内，因径流带到海洋中的营养物就会促使浮游植物非常繁茂地生长。这些海藻处在海洋食物链的根部，能在很远距离内影响海洋生态系统。氮肥的使用量在发展中国家正在增加，由于这些发展中国家很多在热带和亚热带地区，那里的海洋一般都缺氮，所以氮肥用量的增加对海洋生命的影响很可能是严重的。
苦味和甜味到底是什么
几乎每种自然出现的毒素都有苦味，所以感受苦味的能力对于动物避免毒性物质来说是至关重要的。舌头与上腭上皮细胞中的T2R受体家族与对苦味的感觉有关。现在，遗传学、行为学和生理学综合研究结果证实，T2R受体对于有苦味的化合物的探测和感觉来说是必要的，也是足够的。有趣的是，这一体系可被颠倒过来，即苦味可以从新成为甜味。通过基因工程方法使小鼠在通常的“甜味”细胞中表达一种苦味受体，这样的小鼠对这一家族的苦味化合物表现出强烈吸引力。所以一种甜味或苦味化合物的“味道”，是特定受体之间怎样联系的一种反映，而不是受体性质的一种反映，甚至也不是发出味道的分子本身的一种反映。
第一个与精子相关的精卵融合因子被发现
使得哺乳动物精子和卵子能够相互认识、然后融合形成一个胚胎的分子事件正在逐渐被揭示出来。卵细胞膜上的一种分子，即与Integrin相关的蛋白CD9，最近被发现对于精子和卵子的融合来说是非常重要的，而现在研究人员已在小鼠身上发现了第一个与精子相关的融合因子。该分子是免疫球蛋白这一超级蛋白家族的一个成员，是在NCBI数据库中被发现的。这种被命名为Izumo（该名称源自Izumo Taisha，它是日本的一个与婚姻有关的神社）的蛋白也存在于人精子中，在那里抗Izumo的抗体阻止精卵融合。随着与精卵融合有关的更多分子被发现，研究人员有可能找到受孕和治疗不育症的新方法。
本期目录：
Editorials
Killers on the loose p123
Across the developing world, seriously ill patients can't be sure whether they're purchasing life-saving medicines or worthless dummy pills. This scandal demands a stronger response from aid donors, governments and the drugs industry.
doi: 10.1038/434123a
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Bad faith at Los Alamos p123
The breakdown of an old contract threatens to leave a great national laboratory gravely weakened.
doi: 10.1038/434123b
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Top of pageNews
NASA's funding shortfall means journey's end for Voyager probes p125
Mission to the edge of the Solar System may shut down in October to save cash.
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/434125a
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Senate resignations mar academy's birthday p126
European Academy of Sciences and Arts faces unrest.
Alison Abbott
doi: 10.1038/434126a
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Anthropologists walk tall after unearthing hominid p126
Ethiopian fossil should shed light on mankind's first upright steps.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/434126b
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Career charter sets out rights of Europe's young scientists p127
PhD students get leverage to be treated properly as professionals.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/434127a
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Gene-therapy trials to restart following cancer risk review p127
US researchers to trial gene therapy on children with SCID.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/434127b
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Climatologists seek clear view of Asia's smog p128
Project to assess climate impact of massive brown clouds.
David Cyranoski and Ichiko Fuyuno
doi: 10.1038/434128a
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Biosafety law brings stem-cell research to Brazil p128
Extra embryos from IVF now open for research - but not for therapeutic cloning.
Laura Nelson
doi: 10.1038/434128b
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Police urge speedy action to clean up home drug factories p129
Illegal methamphetamine labs could turn houses to toxic dumps.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/434129a
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Science agencies get fresh paymasters in Republican revamp p129
NSF and NASA get new funding bosses in US Congress.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi: 10.1038/434129b
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news in brief p130
doi: 10.1038/434130a
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Top of pageNews Features
Counterfeit pharmaceuticals: Murder by medicine p132
Across the developing world, people are dying after being peddled fake pharmaceuticals. Peter Aldhous reports from southeast Asia, where scientists, doctors and regulators battle against organized crime.
doi: 10.1038/434132a
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Counterfeit pharmaceuticals: In the line of fire p134
Dora Akunyili has spent the past four years facing down corruption and tackling Nigeria's rampant problems with fake drugs. This crusade has been phenomenally successful, but has placed Akunyili's life in danger. Peter Aldhous caught up with her on a recent trip to the United States.
doi: 10.1038/434134a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
HIV drug remains unproven without placebo trial p137
Ethical concerns over use of a placebo weaken evidence for the benefits of nevirapine.
Valendar F. Turner
doi: 10.1038/434137a
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Concern over deep-sea reefs is widespread p137
Alex David Rogers
doi: 10.1038/434137b
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Brown knew particles were smaller than pollen p137
David M. Wilkinson
doi: 10.1038/434137c
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
A part of but apart from politics p139
Can scientists advise policy-makers without compromising their objectivity?
Roger Pielke, Jr reviews Nature's Experts: Science, Politics, and the Environment by Stephen Bocking
doi: 10.1038/434139a
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Marketing Marie p140
Susan Lindee reviews Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie by Barbara Goldsmith
doi: 10.1038/434140a
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Science in culture p141
The artist Joseph Beuys tried to lead his followers into a promised land of transformative imagination.
Martin Kemp reviews
doi: 10.1038/434141a
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Rivalry and revenge p142
Nicola Nosengo reviews Costantinopoli 1786: la congiura e la beffa (Constantinople 1786: The Conspiracy and the Hoax) by Paolo Mazzarello
doi: 10.1038/434142a
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Top of pagePhysics detective
Schr?dinger's mousetrap p143
Part 8: The outcast.
Jack Cohen
doi: 10.1038/434143a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
Eggs alone p145
Human parthenotes: an ethical source of stem cells for therapies?
Ann A. Kiessling
doi: 10.1038/434145a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Biodiversity: Fossils make waves p147
A 62-million-year cycle in biodiversity emerges from scrutiny of a marine-fossil database, but its causes remain mysterious. Thus, this discovery is likely to provoke a flurry of theoretical speculation.
James W. Kirchner and Anne Weil
doi: 10.1038/434147a
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Astronomy: Stellar mass limited p148
Is there an upper limit to the mass of a star? The answer to this long-standing question seems to be yes — and it has important consequences for our understanding of the evolution of galaxies.
Pavel Kroupa
doi: 10.1038/434148a
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100 and 50 years ago p149
doi: 10.1038/434149a
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Epigenetics: Surveillance team against cancer p150
Variations in the control of a phenomenon known as parental imprinting influence the likelihood of tumour development. These new findings may tie in with an earlier concept of 'two-phase' carcinogenesis.
George Klein
doi: 10.1038/434150a
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Semiconductor technology: Negatively successful p151
Organic semiconducting polymers are promising electronic materials, but for full versatility they need to conduct negative as well as positive charge. A step towards that goal has now been taken.
Ananth Dodabalapur
doi: 10.1038/434151a
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Structural biology: Methanol maker p151
Joshua Finkelstein
doi: 10.1038/434151b
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Developmental biology: Sperm?egg fusion unscrambled p152
The identity of the sperm molecules that are involved in fusion with an egg's membrane has eluded biologists. Will Izumo, a protein named after the Japanese shrine to marriage, bring harmony to the field?
Richard Schultz and Carmen Williams
doi: 10.1038/434152a
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Planetary sciences: A smashing pair p153
The likely origin of Pluto and its satellite Charon, like the Earth and Moon, is an impact between two planet-sized bodies. Refined simulations show that there may be two distinct modes for the birth of such twins.
Jay Melosh
doi: 10.1038/434153a
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Animal behaviour: Meals sized up p154
Rory Howlett
doi: 10.1038/434154a
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Palaeobiology: Dating earliest life p155
Claims that 3.8-billion-year-old rocks from Greenland contain carbonaceous remnants of very early life have been the subject of argument for several years. The latest analyses look like settling matters.
Stephen Moorbath
doi: 10.1038/434155a
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Research highlights p156
doi: 10.1038/434156a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Planetary science: Meteor Crater formed by low-velocity impact p157
The paucity of melted rock in this crater may be due to the striking projectile's speed.
H. J. Melosh and G. S. Collins
doi: 10.1038/434157a
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Musical imagery: Sound of silence activates auditory cortex p158
David J. M. Kraemer, C. Neil Macrae, Adam E. Green and William M. Kelley
doi: 10.1038/434158a
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Top of pageArticles
Imaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft p159
Carolyn C. Porco, Emily Baker, John Barbara, Kevin Beurle, Andre Brahic, Joseph A. Burns, Sebastien Charnoz, Nick Cooper, Douglas D. Dawson, Anthony D. Del Genio, Tilmann Denk, Luke Dones, Ulyana Dyudina, Michael W. Evans, Stephanie Fussner, Bernd Giese, Kevin Grazier, Paul Helfenstein, Andrew P. Ingersoll, Robert A. Jacobson, Torrence V. Johnson, Alfred McEwen, Carl D. Murray, Gerhard Neukum, William M. Owen, Jason Perry, Thomas Roatsch, Joseph Spitale, Steven Squyres, Peter Thomas, Matthew Tiscareno, Elizabeth P. Turtle, Ashwin R. Vasavada, Joseph Veverka, Roland Wagner and Robert West
doi: 10.1038/nature03436
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Experimental one-way quantum computing p169
P. Walther, K. J. Resch, T. Rudolph, E. Schenck, H. Weinfurter, V. Vedral, M. Aspelmeyer and A. Zeilinger
doi: 10.1038/nature03347
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (537K) | Supplementary information
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Crystal structure of a membrane-bound metalloenzyme that catalyses the biological oxidation of methane p177
Raquel L. Lieberman and Amy C. Rosenzweig
doi: 10.1038/nature03311
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (395K) | Supplementary information
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Structural basis of HutP-mediated anti-termination and roles of the Mg2+ ion and L-histidine ligand p183
Thirumananseri Kumarevel, Hiroshi Mizuno and Penmetcha K. R. Kumar
doi: 10.1038/nature03355
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Top of pageLetters to Nature
An upper limit to the masses of stars p192
Donald F. Figer
doi: 10.1038/nature03293
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (373K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Kroupa
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General observation of n-type field-effect behaviour in organic semiconductors p194
Lay-Lay Chua, Jana Zaumseil, Jui-Fen Chang, Eric C.-W. Ou, Peter K.-H. Ho, Henning Sirringhaus and Richard H. Friend
doi: 10.1038/nature03376
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See also: News and Views by Dodabalapur
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Ultrafast memory loss and energy redistribution in the hydrogen bond network of liquid H2O p199
M. L. Cowan, B. D. Bruner, N. Huse, J. R. Dwyer, B. Chugh, E. T. J. Nibbering, T. Elsaesser and R. J. D. Miller
doi: 10.1038/nature03383
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The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth's atmosphere p202
Benjamin J. Murray, Daniel A. Knopf and Allan K. Bertram
doi: 10.1038/nature03403
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Measuring the onset of locking in the Peru?Chile trench with GPS and acoustic measurements p205
Katie Gagnon, C. David Chadwell and Edmundo Norabuena
doi: 10.1038/nature03412
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Cycles in fossil diversity p208
Robert A. Rohde and Richard A. Muller
doi: 10.1038/nature03339
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (205K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Kirchner & Weil
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Agricultural runoff fuels large phytoplankton blooms in vulnerable areas of the ocean p211
J. Michael Beman, Kevin R. Arrigo and Pamela A. Matson
doi: 10.1038/nature03370
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The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria p214
Robert W. Snow, Carlos A. Guerra, Abdisalan M. Noor, Hla Y. Myint and Simon I. Hay
doi: 10.1038/nature03342
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Mediation of pathogen resistance by exudation of antimicrobials from roots p217
Harsh P. Bais, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj, Ajay K. Jha, Frederick M. Ausubel and Jorge M. Vivanco
doi: 10.1038/nature03356
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Spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity depends on dendritic location p221
Robert C. Froemke, Mu-ming Poo and Yang Dan
doi: 10.1038/nature03366
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The receptors and coding logic for bitter taste p225
Ken L. Mueller, Mark A. Hoon, Isolde Erlenbach, Jayaram Chandrashekar, Charles S. Zuker and Nicholas J. P. Ryba
doi: 10.1038/nature03352
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Spatial bistability of Dpp?receptor interactions during Drosophila dorsal?ventral patterning p229
Yu-Chiun Wang and Edwin L. Ferguson
doi: 10.1038/nature03318
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The immunoglobulin superfamily protein Izumo is required for sperm to fuse with eggs p234
Naokazu Inoue, Masahito Ikawa, Ayako Isotani and Masaru Okabe
doi: 10.1038/nature03362
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (409K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Schultz & Williams
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Agonist/endogenous peptide?MHC heterodimers drive T cell activation and sensitivity p238
Michelle Krogsgaard, Qi-jing Li, Cenk Sumen, Johannes B. Huppa, Morgan Huse and Mark M. Davis
doi: 10.1038/nature03391
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Integral role of IRF-5 in the gene induction programme activated by Toll-like receptors p243
Akinori Takaoka, Hideyuki Yanai, Seiji Kondo, Gordon Duncan, Hideo Negishi, Tatsuaki Mizutani, Shin-ichi Kano, Kenya Honda, Yusuke Ohba, Tak W. Mak and Tadatsugu Taniguchi
doi: 10.1038/nature03308
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospects
In the picture p251
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7030-251a
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Careers and Recruitment
Come together p252
The addition of molecular biology to the existing range of imaging technologies is creating opportunities for scientists of many disciplines. Paul Smaglik lines up the pieces.
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7030-252a
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Top of pageFutures
A man of the theatre p256
All the world's a stage.
Norman Spinrad
doi: 10.1038/434256a
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