| 2005年01月06日 Nature中文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛
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|  | Volume 433 Number 7021 pp1-90
封面故事：为什么你不知道害怕？
我们不断观察他人的面部表情来判断他们的感觉：是欢乐，是忧伤，是生气还是害怕？在大脑扁桃体区域有损伤的患者会失去识别面部害怕表情的能力，一项新的研究工作揭示了其中的原因。研究对象有一种罕见的疾患，即双侧扁桃体损伤。研究人员对其眼睛运动进行了测定，发现她识别面部害怕表情的能力和看其他人眼睛的能力都受到损伤。但当有人教她看其他人眼睛时，她识别害怕表情的能力又恢复正常。这说明，我们的大脑在主动从环境中寻找重要社会线索，在孤独症等疾病中这一机制的损伤也许可通过教患者改变他们看世界的方式得到克服。
2005年被宣布为“世界物理年”
为纪念爱因斯坦撰写后来成为相对论、量子力学和布朗运动等理论之基础的论文100周年，2005年已被宣布为“世界物理年”。在全世界，物理学作为大学的一个学科在走下坡路，尽管它在作为现代社会基础的科学与技术的发展中扮演着至关重要的角色。物理学家已着手提升物理学作为一门学科在公众眼里、尤其是在政治家眼里的重要性（）。Nature 杂志对“世界物理年”的第一个贡献是，介绍一些新生代物理学家，此后还将有更多特写文章和互动机会。
口哨语言的神经成像研究
加那利群岛La Gomera岛上的牧羊人用口哨语言Silbo Gomero ('Gomeran whistle')进行远距离交流。几年前，这种语言几乎消失，但又保留了下来，目前当地的学校里还教它。现在，功能性神经成像研究表明，正常情况下与口头语言功能有关的大脑区域在这些使用口哨语言的人的大脑中也是处于激发状态的，但在不会吹口哨的对照组中却不是。这一发现说明，大脑左颞叶和下额叶中的语言区域是灵活的，能适应符号语言中处理手势信息的需要，一旦学会了口哨语言，也能适应处理口哨信息的需要。
挥发性物质是怎样进入早期地球的
来自火山喷发气体的新的惰性气体数据显示了挥发性物质（如水和氮等化合物和元素，它们在大气压下的高温下是气体）在地球早期历史上是怎样进入地球的。氖同位素测量表明，原始挥发性物质是在尘埃或微行星结合形成地球之前被太阳风吹进它们当中的。以前的模型曾提出，一个遍及整个地球的岩浆海洋与地球早期大气层之间的平衡是挥发性物质的主要来源。新的数据还为地球地幔自生长以来是怎样演化的提供了线索。
星团核心的热量来源
利用最新一代轨道X-射线天文台进行观测的天文学家正在取得一些令人吃惊的发现，其中之一是，在星团核心气体冷却速度相对较慢。“钱德拉X-射线天文台”目前正在对星团核心的巨型空穴进行定期观测，它们可能是了解这一现象的关键。红移值z=0.216的星团MS0735.6+7421的气体晕被发现含有两个这样的空穴，每个直径近200千秒差距，是由一个射电源和其周围的热气体之间的相互作用引起的。这种相互作用正在产生已知最强大的射电爆发和足以抵消预期中的冷却作用的热量。最可能的加热机制是，物质向一个超大质量黑洞上不断累积。
原子桥式纳米开关
本期Nature介绍的一个原子尺度的机电开关所具有的性质使得它有可能适合用作未来纳米电子装置中的一个元件。将一个硫化银导线和一个铂导线以1纳米的间距进行交叉，就做成了这样一个开关。当施加一个足够强的电压脉冲时，来自硫化银的银原子会被电力带进两根导线之间的间隙中，形成两根导线之间的一个原子桥：这样获得的结构具有量子化的传导性能。但该原子桥的形成过程是可逆的，原子桥在第二个电压脉冲作用下会消失。这种“门闩”结构便于将这种开关集成进实际的装置中，从而为制造以这种开关为唯一元件的各种不同的可配置逻辑电路开辟了道路。
土壤有机物对全球变暖的反应
温度变化对有机物在土壤中分解速度的影响，是考虑全球变暖对土壤中储存的碳的影响时的一个重要因素。通常的假设是，土壤碳或有机物可被看作是两部分：对温度变化敏感的“易变”部分和对温度变化不敏感的“抵抗”部分。这意味着，易变有机物储量最大的北方冻原地区的土壤会流失较大数量的碳，全球变暖对土壤有机物分解的影响会随时间的推移而下降。但根据用森林土壤样品所做的一个实验，事实并不是这样的。有机物分解对温度的敏感性不受土壤有机物组成的影响，说明两种类型的土壤有机物将对全球变暖做出相似的反应。
基因流动能维持、甚至增强遗传差异
关于自然种群适应其环境的方式，演化理论有很多话要说，当考虑人类活动对种群演化动态的影响时，这也是一个重要因素。然而支持这一理论的实验证据很缺乏。两个研究小组在本期Nature上报告了他们的发现，这些发现向关于基因流动如何影响演化的传统观点提出了挑战。人们通常假设，种群分异是选择的多样化效应与由迁移和扩散引起的基因流动的同质化效应之间的一种平衡。但本期Nature报告的这两个实验（是用白颊山雀种群进行的）都表明，分异性扩散能维持、甚至增强遗传差异。
b-lactam抗生素的另类作用
b-lactam抗生素（青霉素及其半合成衍生物）多年来一直是使用最广泛的抗生素，并且改变了现代医学的面貌。它们通过抑制细菌合成通道发挥作用，它们的成功部分是因为它们对其寄主几乎没有影响。所以，发现这些b-lactam抗生素中有很多实际上也作用于哺乳动物中枢神经系统中的主要兴奋性神经传输物质的运输分子是完全出乎意料的。这种作用的机制涉及GLT1基因的激发，该基因为谷氨酸盐运输蛋白编码。在缺血性损伤和运动神经退化的动物模型中，Ceftriaxone是一种神经保护物质，在致命疾病“肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症”（简称ALS，或称Lou Gehrig's疾病）的动物模型中，它增加小鼠的存活率。这些研究为大量高度安全的药物提供了一个全新的作用目标，并且还可能导致神经疾病的新疗法的问世。
核仁蛋白及其蛋白组
核仁是制造核糖体的细胞器，在包括细胞周期调节、衰老和压力响应在内的很多重要过程中都扮演一定角色。Andersen等人利用最新蛋白组学技术，获得了一组具有高可信度的核仁蛋白。他们发现，这些核仁蛋白中有超过690种蛋白，其中489种为响应对核仁蛋白有作用的三种代谢抑制因子而改变了它们的表达水平。在这些核仁蛋白中有“沃纳氏综合症”解螺旋酶和一系列调节蛋白。此外，通过利用该技术来研究由不同类型的转录抑制引起的核仁变化，研究人员还发现了核仁蛋白组响应变化的生长条件所发生的变化。核仁或任何其他细胞器很可能没有一个独特的、完整的蛋白组，而是有一系列与不同细胞状态相应的相互重叠的蛋白组。
本期目录：
Editorial
A divided world p1
The lack of preparation for last month's tsunami illustrates shocking disparities in how science is applied in different regions of the world. The global response to the disaster offers a glimmer of hope that these disparities will be addressed.
doi: 10.1038/433001a
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Top of pageNews
Inadequate warning system left Asia at the mercy of tsunami p3
Scientists and governments were caught unprepared.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/433003a
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Triple slip of tectonic plates caused seafloor surge p3
Biggest quake in 40 years redraws the map.
Michael Hopkin
doi: 10.1038/433003b
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Tsunamis: a long-term threat p4
Other regions around the globe are at higher risk.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/433004a
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India pledges to fund alert system in wake of disaster p5
Government reacts with $29 million pledge for future warnings.
K. S. Jayaraman
doi: 10.1038/433005a
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news in brief p6
doi: 10.1038/433006a
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Top of pageNews Features
2005: Year of Physics: So, what's your theory? p8
doi: 10.1038/433008a
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A theorist of errors p9
Growing up on Einstein Street in Haifa, Israel, Dorit Aharonov was perhaps destined to study physics. But she pursued other interests before finally settling on quantum computation. Haim Watzman reports.
doi: 10.1038/433009a
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In search of hidden dimensions p10
So far, string theory has defied experiments, but Nima Arkani-Hamed thinks he has found a way to put the idea to the test. Geoff Brumfiel finds out how.
doi: 10.1038/433010a
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Can electrons do the splits? p11
The electronic behaviour of some forms of matter doesn't match theory. Geoff Brumfiel meets Senthil Todadri, a man who wants to change our view of how electrons behave.
doi: 10.1038/433011a
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The long-distance thinker p12
Martin Bojowald is on a journey back in time to see what happened during the Big Bang. Quirin Schiermeier tags along for the ride.
doi: 10.1038/433012a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Destructive fires are not just Indonesia's problem p13
Logging, urban expansion and lawlessness fan the flames throughout Borneo.
Rhett D. Harisson
doi: 10.1038/433013a
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Fighting future fires with fairness p13
Christian Azar and U. Martin Persson
doi: 10.1038/433013b
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Mouse geneticists need European strategy too p13
Wolfgang Wurst
doi: 10.1038/433013c
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Contemplating the abyss p15
The role of environmental degradation in the collapse of human societies.
doi: 10.1038/433015a
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A natural pioneer p16
doi: 10.1038/433016a
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Science in culture p17
The origin of the archetypal image of the chemist.
Philip Ball
doi: 10.1038/433017a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
Bridging the gap p19
Tissue engineering: mathematical models are helping to take tissue engineering from concept to reality.
Ben D. MacArthur and Richard O. C. Oreffo
doi: 10.1038/433019a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Device physics: Silver nanoswitch p21
Ionic conductors have many applications — in sensors, fuel cells and batteries. Are nanoelectronic devices based on ionic conductors now about to replace silicon?
Jan van Ruitenbeek
doi: 10.1038/433021a
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Cognitive science: Staring fear in the face p22
The unusual case of SM, a person who has a very specific deficit in recognizing fearful expressions on people's faces, is providing intriguing insights into how we perceive emotion.
Patrik Vuilleumier
doi: 10.1038/433022a
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Evolutionary genetics: Differentiation by dispersal p23
Gene flow between populations — caused by migration, for instance — is most often viewed as a homogenizing force in evolution. But two studies of wild birds and non-random dispersal find otherwise.
David W. Coltman
doi: 10.1038/433023a
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100 and 50 years ago p23
doi: 10.1038/433023b
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Geochemistry: Neon illuminates the mantle p25
The outer Earth grew largely from material added by impacts from planetesimals, rather than by capture of dust grains from the solar nebula — or at least that's the inference from the latest geochemical analyses.
David W. Graham
doi: 10.1038/433025a
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Human immunodeficiency virus: Nuclear RNA export unwound p26
The ways in which HIV can subvert cellular processes for its own ends seem boundless. The latest discovery — a cellular enzyme that helps to export HIV RNA from the nucleus — reveals a possible drug target.
Bryan R. Cullen
doi: 10.1038/433026a
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Physiology: An end to adolescence p27
Alison Abbott
doi: 10.1038/433027a
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Obituary: John R. Vane (1927?2004) p28
Salvador Moncada
doi: 10.1038/433028a
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Research highlights p29
doi: 10.1038/433029a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Linguistic perception: Neural processing of a whistled language p31
A rare surrogate of Spanish highlights the adaptability of the brain's language regions.
Manuel Carreiras, Jorge Lopez, Francisco Rivero and David Corina
doi: 10.1038/433031a
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (242K) | Supplementary information
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Environment: Early ant plagues in the New World p32
Edward O. Wilson
doi: 10.1038/433032a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Human behaviour: Egalitarian motive and altruistic punishment pE1
James H. Fowler, Tim Johnson and Oleg Smirnov
doi: 10.1038/nature03256
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Human behaviour: Egalitarian motive and altruistic punishment (reply) pE1
Ernst Fehr and Simon G?chter
doi: 10.1038/nature03257
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Top of pageArticles
Neon isotopes constrain convection and volatile origin in the Earth's mantle p33
Chris J. Ballentine, Bernard Marty, Barbara Sherwood Lollar and Martin Cassidy
doi: 10.1038/nature03182
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (374K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Graham
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The PIN auxin efflux facilitator network controls growth and patterning in Arabidopsis roots p39
Ikram Blilou, Jian Xu, Marjolein Wildwater, Viola Willemsen, Ivan Paponov, Jií Friml, Renze Heidstra, Mitsuhiro Aida, Klaus Palme and Ben Scheres
doi: 10.1038/nature03184
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Top of pageLetters to Nature
The heating of gas in a galaxy cluster by X-ray cavities and large-scale shock fronts p45
B. R. McNamara, P. E. J. Nulsen, M. W. Wise, D. A. Rafferty, C. Carilli, C. L. Sarazin and E. L. Blanton
doi: 10.1038/nature03202
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (248K)
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Quantized conductance atomic switch p47
K. Terabe, T. Hasegawa, T. Nakayama and M. Aono
doi: 10.1038/nature03190
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (256K)
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by van Ruitenbeek
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Increasing the conductivity of crystalline polymer electrolytes p50
Alasdair M. Christie, Scott J. Lilley, Edward Staunton, Yuri G. Andreev and Peter G. Bruce
doi: 10.1038/nature03186
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Rapid stepwise onset of Antarctic glaciation and deeper calcite compensation in the Pacific Ocean p53
Helen K. Coxall, Paul A. Wilson, Heiko P?like, Caroline H. Lear and Jan Backman
doi: 10.1038/nature03135
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Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature p57
Changming Fang, Pete Smith, John B. Moncrieff and Jo U. Smith
doi: 10.1038/nature03138
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (249K) | Supplementary information
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Evolution driven by differential dispersal within a wild bird population p60
Dany Garant, Loeske E.B. Kruuk, Teddy A. Wilkin, Robin H. McCleery and Ben C. Sheldon
doi: 10.1038/nature03051
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (360K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Coltman
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Gene flow maintains a large genetic difference in clutch size at a small spatial scale p65
Erik Postma and Arie J. van Noordwijk
doi: 10.1038/nature03083
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (260K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Coltman
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A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage p68
Ralph Adolphs, Frederic Gosselin, Tony W. Buchanan, Daniel Tranel, Philippe Schyns and Antonio R. Damasio
doi: 10.1038/nature03086
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (257K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Vuilleumier
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-Lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression p73
Jeffrey D. Rothstein, Sarjubhai Patel, Melissa R. Regan, Christine Haenggeli, Yanhua H. Huang, Dwight E. Bergles, Lin Jin, Margaret Dykes Hoberg, Svetlana Vidensky, Dorothy S. Chung, Shuy Vang Toan, Lucie I. Bruijn, Zao-zhong Su, Pankaj Gupta and Paul B. Fisher
doi: 10.1038/nature03180
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (375K) | Supplementary information
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Nucleolar proteome dynamics p77
Jens S. Andersen, Yun W. Lam, Anthony K. L. Leung, Shao-En Ong, Carol E. Lyon, Angus I. Lamond and Matthias Mann
doi: 10.1038/nature03207
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (465K) | Supplementary information
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Vitamin C degradation in plant cells via enzymatic hydrolysis of 4-O-oxalyl-l-threonate p83
Martha A. Green and Stephen C. Fry
doi: 10.1038/nature03172
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Responses and resolutions p89
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7021-089a
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Graduate Journal: Brave old world p90
Tobias Langenhan
doi: 10.1038/nj7021-090a
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Nuts & Bolts p90
Deb Koen
doi: 10.1038/nj7021-090b
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Movers p90
doi: 10.1038/nj7021-090c
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